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Verbs B (PARTICIPLES & GERUNDS (DANGLING Participles: No syntactical…
Verbs B
PARTICIPLES & GERUNDS
DANGLING Participles: No syntactical relationship with nearest Subj.:
- Frequently used in early America, experts say that shaming is an effective punishment. Recast as: Experts say that shaming, often used in early America, is an effective punishment.
- Being a thoughtful mother, I believe Meg gives her children good advice. Reword as: I believe that because Meg is a thoughtful mother, she gives her children good advice.
- Avoid It is/There are: Reviewing the suggestions, it is clear that no consensus exists. Reword as: Our review of the suggestions show that no consensus exist.
DANGLING Gerunds: Obj. of Prep. functions as a Noun rather than as a modifier:
- After finishing the research, the screenplay was easy to write. Reword as: After finishing the research, John found the screenplay easy to write.
- While driving to LA, my map was lost. Reword: While driving to LA, I lost my map.
- After dining with royalty, the next item on my bucket list is climbing the Eiffel Tower. (No rewording, b/c it makes logical sense)
PROPERTIES i
VOICE
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Passive = (Obj.) acts on Subj.:
The tree's branch was broken by the storm.
The cart is pulled by the ox.
The advice (that was) given by the novelist was bad.
His tires were slashed (by...)
The matter will be given careful consideration.
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MORE
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NON-FINITE VERB (VERBALS): No Person or Number, Not in Predicate
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PROPERTIES ii
TENSES
PRESENT
Infinitive/Indicative: The dogs howl. The air is cold. The water runs.
- habit/general truth: Cats prowl nightly. Polluted water is a health threat.
- timeless facts: The Greek art is exquisite.
- narrate fictional plot: The scene takes place on a ship.
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FUTURE
The store will open soon.
Shall: 1st Person, question w/ choice: Shall we go? & legal commands: The debtor shall pay...
PRESENT PERFECT
Just now completed/continues up to now: I have put away my clothes.
- time in indefinite past: I have played golf there before.
- past action touched present: She has worked for the last two hours.
PAST PERFECT
Completed BEFORE another past time/action:
I have driven the car before he arrived. By the time it rained, we have already left. The movie had ended already.
FUTURE PERFECT
Expected to be completed BEFORE some other future time/act: I will have eaten ten cookies before the next show. The court will have adjourned by one o'clock.
PROPERTIES iii
PERSON + NUMBER:
- A AND B WERE...
- NEITHER A OR/NOR B IS...
- The Collective Noun IS...
- The Collective Noun ARE...
- A AS WELL AS her friends IS...
- A ALONG WITH her friends IS...
- A TOGETHER WITH her friends IS...
- A IN ADDITION TO her friends IS...
- A AND her friends ARE... = best
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