CONFLICTS IN THE 21ST CENTURY By: Iman Fatima
CAUSES OF CONFLICT
HARD POWER
SOFT POWER
COSTS OF CONFLICT
DAMAGE TO ENVIRONMENT
RELIGION
DEATH OF CIVILIANS
EXAMPLES OF
CONFLICT
SYRIAN CIVIL WAR
ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT
SUDAN CIVIL WAR
2003 INVASION OF IRAQ
USE OF COERCION
MILITARY FORCE 
NATURAL RESOURCES
ECONOMICS
DISPLACEMENT
SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS
SOMALI REFUGEE CRISIS
1 million Somali people remain stranded in the Horn of Africa
1948 PALESTINIAN EXODUS
More than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war
COLD WAR
IDEOLOGY
RWANDAN GENOCIDE
KASHMIR
AGRESSIVE
VIETNAM WAR
Use of chemical agents destroyed significant vegetation. The vegetation was unable to regenerate and left behind bare mudflats even years after spraying
PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
Most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or economic power
GLOBAL GEOPOLITICS
The United States federal government has spent or obligated 4.8 trillion dollars on the wars in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq.
Source: Brown University
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the "Irish Question"
Since 2003, much of the violence in Iraq has been between Sunni and Shiite Muslims
Operation Iraqi Liberation (OIL) #
Often conflicts within a particular country are little more than localized global rivalries
South China Sea
Hutu Militia in 1994
CO-OPTION
SANCTIONS
Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE, and Bahrain impose sanction against Qatar after accusing it of supporting terrorism
U.N imposed Sanction against Russia following Crimea's annexation
Aid payments and bribes
TERRITORIAL
Proxy wars fought between the West and Communist Bloc because a war between the USSR and USA could've easily led to a devastating nuclear war
Conflict often arises when two or more groups wish to occupy the same land
NATURE OF CONFLICT
OUTCOMES
A solution is found that is acceptable to all parties 😃
The parties learn to live peacefully in "an adversarial state", without the need to proceed to an "adversarial action"
Some conflicts worsen to the point they become armed conflicts, in which each side uses force to achieve its goals
DEFINITION
Competitive or opposing action of incompatibles : antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interests, or persons)
Source: Merriam-Webster
Potential opponents become closely tied with one another long before an actual conflict occurs
The EU co-opted countries. E.g, France and Germany
GOVERNMENT DIPLOMACY
Create a positive image of a country in the minds of citizens of another country
International negotiations that take place through formal government channels