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Moral Development (Piaget (Two stages of moral development (Heteronomous…
Moral Development
Piaget
"All morality consists in a system of rules and the essence of morality is to be found in the respect which the individual acquires for the rules." He thought that the 'rules of the game' corresponds with 'rules of society' so began studying games.
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He thought that morality develops alongside with: egocentric to sociodrentic; adult-child relationships (asymmetric) to peer relationships (symmetric); objective to subjective perceptions
To work this our he would present children with two different scenarios. Then ask them which of the children was 'naughtier'.
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Lawrence Kohlberg
Assumptions that children move to higher stages as age increases. It is an invariant sequence which means that you pass through all the stages. Each stage forms a structural whole. They are also universal and cross-cultural. They are measured through moral dilemmas
6 stages
Pre conventional
Stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation. people believe that rules should be followed and obeyed. There behaviour is controlled by the threat of punishment.
Stage 2 - instrumental purpose and orientation, people judge behaviour with regard to if it was fair and/or satisfied the persons need.
Conventional
Stage 3 - 'good girl', 'nice boy' orientation. People judge behaviour with regard to what makes people happy or helps others. They think about the motives and intentions behind the behaviour
Stage 4 - 'law and order' orientation. People judge behaviour in wether it adheres to rules implicated by authority (this authority must be respected and social order maintained)
Post-conventional
Stage 5 - social contract - people judge behaviour on whether it adheres to the norms and rules of society.
Stage 6 - universal ethical principles - people judge behaviour on universe abstract and ethical beliefs that all societies should agree on such as human rights
Critics
Moral reasoning vs moral behaviour - kohlberg examines moral reasoning not moral behaviour. He also acknowledges that other factors determine moral behaviour
Methodology - use spontaneous verbal responses which need to be coded which gives an issue of reliability. He also uses hypothetical scenarios, is that too complex?
Gilligan
Defined Kohlberfs theory as a justice perspective and developed a care perspective which he felt was more inclusive.Also criticised him for only using male participants, so it is a theory of male moral development
Gender Differences
Gilligan 1986 - studied women response to dilemmas involving abortion. Men's reasoning is abstract and justice orientated. Women's reasoning is based on 'ethic of care'
Gilligan and Attanucci 1988 - boys focused more on the justice and female focused more on the care concerns
Warks and Krebs 1996 - females made significantly more care-based judgements on personal dilemmas than males
Definition: concerns the rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with others