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Adverbs (DEFINITION & FORMATION (NOT Adverbs (lovely, curly, Adverbs…
Adverbs
DEFINITION & FORMATION
= quantifies, limits, describes, or modifies:
Verbs:
She studied
constantly
.
Adjectives:
The juggler's act was
really
unusual
.
Adverbs:
The cyclist pedaled
very
swiftly
.
Prepositions:
The birds flew
right
over the lake
.
Conjunctions:
This is
exactly
where I found it
.
Clauses:
Apparently
you forgot to check your watch.
Infinitival (to):
to go, to smile, to run
Particle in Phrasal Verb:
...
Adj. + Suffix:
slow-slow
ly
, careful-careful
ly
publ
ic
-public
ly
, pedant
ic
-pedantic
ally
hap
py
-happ
ily
BUT
s
hy
-shy
ly
tru
e
-tru
ly
, whol
e
-who
lly
terri
ble
-terrib
ly
, sim
ple
-simp
ly
du
ll
-dull
y
Not appealing Adv.s:
juveni
le
-
juvenilely,
sil
ly
-
sillily
Clumsy:
ghast
ly
-
ghastlily,
ug
ly
-
uglily ...
Recast/use phrase:
in a ghastly manner, in an ugly way
Phrase + Suffix:
replied matter-of-fact
ly
Compound Nouns:
he rides cowboy-style
Nouns + Suffix:
side-side
ways
, sky-sky
ward
, clock-clock
wise
w/o Suffix:
almost, never, here, now, just, seldom, late, near, too
NOT Adverbs
love
ly
, cur
ly
Adverbs do not modify Nouns/Pronouns:
We made an early (Adj.) start (Noun).
Arrived (Verb) at the airport early (Adv.)
.
Prep + Noun:
He ran
up the stairs
.
Let's
cast
(Verb)
off
(Adv.)
(Participles or Participle Adverbs).
ADVERBIAL DEGREES
Irregular
badly-worse-worst, little-less-least
Uncomparable
Time:
now, then
Position:
on
Number:
first, finally
Place:
here
Absolute:
eternally, never, singly, uniquely, universally
Superlative
early-earli
est
, soon-soon
est
, hard-hard
est
I could see
most a-cut-ely,
he chose
least wise-ly
Intensifiers
The
very
fashionably dressed actor. Everyone ate
quite
heartily.
Comparative
early-earli
er
, soon-soon
er
, hard-hard
er
fenced
more in-ept-ly,
walking
less pain-ful-ly
TYPES
Flat/Bare
= ends -ly, but Adjectival form may work equally well/better, especially used w/ Imperative:
Drive slow. Hold on tight. Tell me quick. Work fast. I am working
hard
vs. I am
hardly
working.
Phrasal
= 2+ words:
in the meantime, for a while, here and there
Simple
= singe words:
hardly, now, deep
Compound
= 2+ words into 1:
notwithstanding, therefore, thereupon
(stuffy tone, use sparingly)
POSITION
INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Must immediately follow Verb:
The students
sighed gloomily
when homework was assigned. The owl
perched precariously
on a thin branch.
Exceptions (may precede Verb):
always, never, often, generally, rarely, seldom
Mountaineers
seldom succeed
in climbing K2.
ADVERBS w/in VERB PHRASE
Preferred: Auxiliary Verb - Adverb - Principle Verb:
They have
consistently
repudiated this view. The reports will
soon
generate controversy.
Public opinion is
sharply
divided. The heckler was
abruptly
expelled.
The bus had been
seriously
damaged in the crash.
Acceptable: Auxiliary Verb - Principle Verb - Adverb:
You must go quietly. Are you asking rhetorically?
Split Infinitives (to - Adverb - Verb) = acceptable:
to
boldly
go, to
strongly
favour
PLACEMENT:
The runners submitted their applications to compete
immediately
.
The runners
immediately
submitted their applications to compete.
We
nearly
lost all our camping equipment.
We lost
nearly
all our camping.
Adverbs do not modify LINKING VERBS
(connect descriptive word w/ clause's SUBJECT, not Verb):
The man feels badly (with his fingers):
Badly
= describes Verb
The man feels bad (unwell/guilty):
Bad
describes the SUBJECT