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Language Development (Basics (Phonology - perception and production of…
Language Development
Basics
Phonology - perception and production of sounds used in language. Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound for example p,b.
Orthography - letters. Graphemes - smallest nits of text. Letters correspond to phonemes but not directly one to one matching
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Pragmatics - these aren't linguistic and have to be taught. Children embarrass parents by not knowing when something is in the correct context or the social convention.
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Prelinguistic - Newborn
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Newborn - reflexive vocalisation, can comprehend speech and should be able to make noise but don't have the muscles ready, prefer their own language which they don't pay attention to as just noise
1 month - discriminative virtually all phoesmes, different cries
2-3 months - coo, smile, laugh - more reliable and can work out what they want easier. They can work out when something is not right like when the sound doesn't match the mouth moving.
Prelinguistic - 1st year
Feeding and language development go hand in hand as it is using similar muscle in the mouth, so if there is an issue with one there will be an issue with the other.
4-6 months - babbling is really important. It is a cross cultural thing , which even deaf children will do. Pragmatics - joint attention and turn taking. Parent will do a lot more of the talking whereas 12 months on it swaps.
6-9 months - there are different combinations, bit longer phonemes put together, got more international and stress on words.
9-12 months - modulation balling (more conversation like, much more international and stress, like listening to a language that you don't understand, personality comes through). Infant begins taking an active role - Reddy 1999. Meaningful gestures like pointing from eight months. They have comprehension of simple instructions and understand the word no. They have earn they can make loads of different noises and that if they make noises they will be paid attention too.
What is language?
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Doesn't have to be spoken: written language and sign language. Delays in signing or speaking have to same delays/problems later on
First words 1-2
First words are things that are important to them like parents, toys or a pet like dog. This is usually about one year
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Initially word develop is very slow, 1-3 words per month. 18-24 months ten to 20 words per week. By the age of six they will know roughly 15,000 words
Nature/Nurture
Nativist for example chomsky. Only humans have such complex system and it is basically all humans. There are cross cultural similarities . We have an innate capacity that doesn't need explicit teaching. You are able to learn language even if people aren't speaking to you or don't hear much of it. Children also make errors that they have never heard before. However this theory massively underestimates the complexity
Behaviourists for example Skinner. Different languages, directs and accents. Imitation and reinforcement. We reinforce things that aren't correct because it was cute but ultimately good language prevails.
Stages Model
logographic stage (preschool) - here there use salient visual cues which can cause problems as smaller might be missed read as hello as they both have 'the sticks in it'. It is having memory using visual cues. In addition there is a thought that large objects will have longer spellings
Alphabetic Stage (approax 5 + years). They are able to use phoneme/grapheme correspondents. They are dependent of known phonology but most eventually acquire there own strategies. Can spell there own name and are aware things aren't always spelt like they seem.
Literacy Development
Have to be able to speak a little first. 3-4 years can track words on a page. Literacy is the ability to read and write. It comes along a lot slower than speaking. Also not all humans are able to acquire easily. Requires explicit education, does have to be taught have exposure to and support which is why it is so important parents read and write with their children.