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Play (2) (Factors Affecting Play (Some researcher think that people…
Play (2)
Factors Affecting Play
Some researcher think that people encourage children to play is very important in the process. MacDonald (1992) says it is a form on parental investment
School class differences have been reported in children's sociodramatic play in nurseries and playgroups, Children coming from less advantages backgrounds have less complex fantasies
Sex differences have been found. Differences in the amount of play is inconsistent, but there are sex differences in the choice of play. Girls tend to choose domestic activities such as shopping, washing the baby and so on. Boys on the other hand tend to less imitate male roles as they often haven't been able to observe there farther at work; rather they rely on roles familiar to them from books such as firemen or police or television characters.
Boys also tend to prefer rough and tumble play - this could because of their growth hormones. However, social factors also seem important too; fathers engage in more rough and tumble play with boys.
War
This is a form of aggressive play when children use toy guns, combat figures or engage in play fighting. Some parents actively discourage it and some nurseries and preschools have it banned. Researchers are also divided on this
Some say it is alright because it teaches them about good and bad. Plus being clearly pretend and they don't actually want to shoot or harm anyone.
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Games with Rules
With most children the rules can suddenly change half way through the game at a younger age. By the age of 6 or 7 rule governed games are what takes up playground time
Video and Computer Games - Improve hand eye co-ordination. Some, but not all studies, link them to aggressive behaviour. Some games also seem to be addictive and can lead to social isolation
If children do not participate in much fantasy play then staff can encourage it by play tutoring. This is technique initiated by Smilansky (1968). At least intrusive level will just be verbal guidance or suggestions. At a more direct involvement of the play may be made my acting as a model for one of the roles and actions, or giving them deliberate training in imaginative activities or fantasy themes. This can be prompted by toys that fit the fantasy.
Fredric Froebel 1906- his ideas were influenced by the start of the nursery movement. "Play truly recognised and rightly fostered, unites the germinating life of the child alternatively with the ripe life of experiences of the adults and thus fosters the one through the other."Play exemplifies development from within the child but can be nurtured by adult guidance and provision of appropriate material
Herbert Spencer - thought that play is carried out "for the sake of the immediate gratification involved, without reference to anterior benefits." The higher animals are the better they are able to deal with immediate necessities of life, and instead staying still for long periods of time it stimulates play. This is because they have surplus energy.
Karl Groos - He criticised spence's theory for many reasons. He thought that the surplus energy might provide 'a particular favourable condition of play' but was not essential. He also said that play had more than one function. He said that play had more of a function. He said hat the main reason for childhood was so that play can occur. This is as it it provides exercise and helps teach the skills needed in later life.
G.Stanley Hall - said that Groos' theory was very "partial, superficial and perverse." He thought that play was was the means for children to work through primitive atavisms, reflecting our evolutionary past. He used the example - the sports of boys chasing one another, wrestling, making prisoners, obviously gratifying in a partial way towards the predator instincts. Playing allows the acting out of natural instincts
Piaget - children act out theiralrady established behaviours or schemas, in play, and adapt reality to fit these. An example of this is trending to sleep
Freud - play provides children with an avenue for wish fulfilment and mastery of traumatic events. Play provides a safe environment for aggression or sexual impulses which would be too dangerous to express in reality in a safe environment. It helps children work through anxieties and overcome them
Susan Isaacs - Play is essential to both emotional and cognitive growth of young children. "Play is indeed the child's work, and the means whereby he grows and developes. Active play can be looked upon as a sign of mental health; and its absence, eutger of some inborn defect, or of mental illness"