Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
HEALTH & DISEASES (Gateway 2) Malaria (What is Malaria? (life…
HEALTH & DISEASES (Gateway 2) Malaria
Socio-Economic Factors
Sanitation
if waste h2o not disposed of properly, stagnant pools of h2o may form-> replenished when it rains & provides a favorable breeding ground for mosquitoes. when close to settlements, increases risk of malaria
Limited Provision & Access to Healthcare
thru shortage of doctors, lack of health svc.s & cost of treatment
UN Dev. Programme (UNDP): 6 doctors for every 10,000 ppl & only 4% of india's GDP spent on healthcare although india has highest no. of cases
medication avail. @ medical centers-> far-> delay treatment-> further spread disease
unaffordable in many areas where malaria is prevalent e.g. Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) which can cost many times the monthly income-> resort to cheaper, inefficient treatment/none
Overcrowded Living Conditions
situations where large no.s of ppl live very close tgt in a small area
share same spaces & items, interact closely & frequently-> diseases spread quickly & easily
e.g. housing for refugees & migrant workers overcrowded as ppl share one room-> unhygienic & mosquitoes can go from p2p
no proper doors & windows to keep out Anopheles mosquitoes that are active @ night
Environmental Factors
Poor Draining & Stagnant Water
creates conditions favorable for growth of mosquito pop.s
low awareness, no precaution taken to remove pools of stagnant water-> breed quickly & w/o interruption
e.g. in Rajasthan, India, h2o from 8000km of canals in Great Indian Thad Desert leaks into many places, creating swamps (breeding grounds for Anopheles mosquitoes)-> regular outbreaks of malaria since 1980s
Climate
temp., rainfall, relative humidity
monsoons-> large amounts of rainfall-> favourable conditions as pools of h2o formed due to blocked storm h2o drains caused by accumulation of debris and
vice versa
heavy rains flush out breeding grounds-> less cases of malaria
relative humidity 50%-60% needed for survival & activity of mosquitoes & higher humidity-> longer lifespan
higher temp.-> aquatic life cycle reduced from 20 to 7 days (born faster) + dev. time of parasites in mosquito host shortened (mosquitoes active sooner) + lifespan & frequency of bites by mosquitoes
Scale of Diseases
Epidemic
occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people within a short period of time
no. of new cases in a period aka incidence rate > expected e.g. low incidence rate of 4 diagnosed cases of tuberculosis (TB) per 1000 people in 2011
prevalence rate aka total no. of existing cases of a disease in a particular pop. e.g. global prevalence rate of TB in 2008 was 164 cases per 100,000 people
common: cholera, caused by bacteria that grow in unclean food & water & affects small intestine. symptoms like diarrhoea & vomiting lead to dehydration & maybe death. e.g. earthquake in Haiti 12 Jan 2010-> cholera epidemic in Oct as h2o supply & sanitation infra. damaged so h2o supply contaminated. as of 31 Dec 2012, >7000 people died in the epidemic
Pandemic
occurs when an infectious disease spreads across a large area, such as multiple continents/whole world
e.g. 1918 Spanish Influenza (flu) that spread from Eu to Russia, India, China & Africa. claimed an estimated 50-100M lives from 1918 to 1919.
SARS in Feb 2003. spread from Asia to N.A & Eu. WHO: claimed 914 lives & infected 8422 ppl worldwide.
Endemic
disease that is constantly present @ low levels in a particular pop. or region e.g. malaria
What is Malaria?
life-threatening disease caused by a parasite
transmitted from p2p via living organisms (insects like mosquitoes)
mosquito takes blood (blood-meal) from infected human -> malaria parasites infect mosquito -> bites another human, parasites injected & migrate to the liver where they reproduce & spread
expansion diffusion when infectious disease spread outwards from its source
cases increase after disasters e.g. tsunami in Indo 2004 so pools of stagnant h2o left behind + heavy rainfall-> suitable breeding grounds for mosquitoes-> survivors more vulnerable to malaria infections
children more vulnerable as WHO: about 600,000 children under five die from malaria each year in sub-saharan africa
Social Impacts
Death Rate
WHO: in 2010, at least 216M malaria cases worldwide w/ 537,000 to 907,000 deaths estimated
no. of ppl falling ill/dying from malaria varies country to country
2010: <2% of all deaths by malaria, mostly from LDCs e.g. democratic republic of the congo + nigeria accounted for >40% of total global malaria deaths
Infant Mortality Rate
may be very high e.g. 140/1000 children die from malaria in nigeria within 1st year of birth
women who have contracted malaria while pregnant may infect unborn child
American Journal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene: btw 75,000 to 200,000 infants die each year within 1st year of birth due to low birth weight caused by malaria during pregnancy
Economic Impacts
Cost of Healthcare
countries need to set aside funds for the provision of healthcare to address the disease
WHO: malaria can account for as much as 40% of public health spending in some countries
funds used for costs like building maintenance, investment in hospitals & clinics, purchase of medication
Burden on Households
Increased medical expenses for treatment, funeral costs, cost of implementing preventive measures like nets, days off work, loss of school days
in Ghana, burden can be as high as 34% of a household's income
Loss of Productivity
infected ppl might not be able to work w/ poor health-> loss of productivity
productivity is the rate @ which g&svc.s are produced
measured in putout per unit of labour
results in slower economic death e.g. WHO: economic growth in Africa slowed by up to 1.3% each year