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Play (Kranser and Pepler (Model (Flexibility - sums up the structural…
Play
Kranser and Pepler
Model
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Positive effect - the enjoyment of play which can be demonstrated through play signals such as laughter
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Intrinsic motivation - play is not constrained by external rules or social demands but is done for its own sake.
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An empirical test for this was created by Smith and Vollstedt. They used the four criteria already created as well as a fish which looked as if the child was interested in the means/end of if they were more interested in the performance of the action. They created short episodes of children playing for 70 adults to view. Some of the adults were looking to see if the criteria had been met and the others were looking to see if they thought the children were playing?
Play was seen as playful when it was 'non-literal', flexible and showing positive effect. Intrinsic motivation had no correction whether something was seen as playful or not
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Play sequences
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Piaget
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Practice play - rough and tumble (unless one was a monster) as an example. This can be anything as there are no rules or pretend element
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Rough and tumble play
The origins may be from the vigorous play that parents do with their toddlers such as ticking, chasing and throwing.It is common from being a toddler all the way through to adolescence
The friendly intent is shown through smiling and laughing. Play fights tend to be shorter, not watched by others and participants do not hit hard. Although there are distinct differences between a real and play fight they can sometimes be confused. Only 1% of play fights will actually turn into real fights
Costabile et al 1991 - young children are aware of the difference from play fighting to actual fighting
Fagan 1974
The functional approach - suggests that play doesn't have ab external goal and if there is an end goal. This also means that it doesn't have nay clear benefits. However many theorists think that children do get benefits but there are no clear immediate ones
The Structural approach - describes the sort of behaviour that only appears in play, or the way in which behaviours are performed playfully. Play signals are a good example of behaviours that are only performed in play. In children this could be laughter or 'open mouth play face' usually signals play. These play signals are especially useful in rush and tumble play where they can indicate that there is no aggessive intention in a chase or wrestle.
What is play? it can be made out of behaviours familiar in other contexts such as running or manipulating objects. The structural approach says that we can define them as play id they are repeated; fragmented; exaggerated; re-orered
Exploration and Play - there can be some confusion between these two things as exploration isn't necessarily play. They have similarities those are neither are goal seeking or undertake control of reinforcement. With young children the distinction isn't very clear but by the time they get to preschool it should be a lot clearer. Hutt did a study with this using a novel toy. He suggested that children tend to explore the new toy then start to play with it.
Language Play- Children can often talk to themselves when they are alone, when they are going to sleep for example. Rhyming is used a lot for children about 3-5. By the age of six children understand and enjoy humour with multiple meanings. Schools use repetition, rhymes and funny stories