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Principles and theories of learning and performance (Purposes and types of…
Principles and theories of learning and performance
Stages of Learning
Associative stage: Performer moves from competent beginner to accomplished performer, motor programmes begin to develop and performance becomes smoother
More internal feedback
Performer may use modelling where they compare their level against a top class performer
Autonomous stage: Reached after effective practice, practice has to continue in this stage, actions are fluent, efficient, and automatic
performer can concentrate on fine details of task as basics of skill are performed
Motor programme is fully developed performer is classed as an expert
Cognitive stage: Performer has to think about actions and has to interpret demonstrations and instructions understanding of sub routines through trial and error
Lots of extrinsic feedback
Movements are slow and uncoordinated as performer has to think
Purposes and types of feedback
Positive feedback: Provides information that was good about the task and offers motivation
Negative feedback: Provides information that was wrong allows errors to be corrected and eliminate bad habits
Method of improving performance concept used to amend performance and make improvement
Extrinsic feedback: Derived from an outside source such as a coach so performer gains view of what they need to improve on and which aspects need to be maintained
Intrinsic feedback: Once a player gains experience feedback may come from within performer may develop feel for the task using kinaesthesis
Knowledge of results: Based upon the outcome of the task forms early basis of improvement
Knowledge of performance: Concerned with the technique of the skill
Learning Plateaus
Plateau is a period of no improvement in performance
lack of improvement can be shown by learning curve
4 Stages of the curve:
Stage 2: Rapid acceleration in rate of learning performer begins to master the task and through success providing motivation and reinforcement
Stage 3: No improvement in the rate of learning and performance has reached a plateau
Stage 1: Rate of learning is slow and performance is poor, performer is new to the task and in cognitive stage of learning
Stage 4: Period towards end of the task when performance deteriorates due to fatigue
Causes of plateau:
Boredom
Coaching
Lack of motivation
Limit of ability
Targets set too low
Fatigue
Solutions to Plateau effect:
Player could find a new coach
coach offer more praise and reinforcement
Task can be extended so new challenge to test the performer
rest to avoid fatigue
Guidance
Verbal guidance
Helps build correct mental image
When used for a more experienced performer verbal guidance can be more technical or tactical if used during a game
Explanation of the task used in conjunction with visual guidance
Problems/considerations
Performer may lose concentration unless the coach provides meaningful concise information
Language used should be understandable
Too much information given may cause confusion
Verbal guidance is also a form of feedback so the coach should ensure correct feedback is being used
Manual guidance
Advantages:
Helps eliminate danger from a task
Helps build confidence of the performer who might not be able to gain full feel of the task
Fear and anxiety associated with dangerous or difficult tasks may be reduced
Disadvantages:
Once initial feel of task is established too much reliance on support can interfere with the task
Performer may begin to depend on the support
Can have an effect of performance if it is overused
Coach should restrict and control used of this guidance
Involve a forced response
Involves physical support
Visual guidance
Demonstration of task
Intention is to create a mental image
Demonstration given by a coach or player (must be of same ability to provide motivation showing its possible)
Key points of skill should be highlighted and reinforced
Advantages:
Creates mental image
Used to highlight a specific weakness
Disadvantages:
If demonstration is incorrect skill will be learnt wrong
If too much information given performer may become confused
Mechanical guidance
Device used to help performance
Such as a harness
Advantages:
Eliminates danger
Gives early feel for whole skill
Builds confidence
helps with recovery
Disadvantages:
Same as manual guidance
Motivation could be lost if performer thinks skill is not performed independently