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Special Sense (Visual (Photoreceptors rod and cones absorb light,…

- - - - Segregation of visual info from both side: axon of medial side decussate at optic chiasm to opposite side, lateral remain ipsilateral
      - Retinogeniculocortical pathway
      - Optic tract travel to thalamus synapse at lateral geniculate nucleus
      - Travel via optic radiation to primary visual cortex at occipital lobe
    - - Tract from optic chiasm synapse at rostral colliculus
        
        Thalamus: visual cortex assoc. memory
        
        Tectospinal tract: midbrain to spinal cord, driven by rostral colliculus, for postural movement (reflex turn head to light source)
        
        Brainstem motor nuclei
        
        Trochlear, abducens, oculomotor nuclei connected by medial longitudinal fasciculus. allow eye movement in same direction (rectus lateral-abducens-medulla, rectus medial-oculomotor-midbrain)
        
        Commisure fiber: bilateral eye movement
    - - Parasympathetic
        
        Sensory input of optic nerve + parasympathetic motor output of oculomotor n.
        
        Light hit retina
        
        Ganglion cell send signal to pretectal nucleus in midbrain
        
        to Eddinger-Westphal nuclei in oculomotor complex (both sides of midbrain)
        
        Preganglionic to ciliary ganglion, post release acetycholine to iris (circular fiber contract iris)
      - Sympathetic
        
        Low light hit retina
        
        travel to upper thoracic spinal cord send signal to superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic chain)
        
        Post ganglion release noredrenaline to radial fibers - dilate
- - - - Fugiform: 5 taste bud
      - Filiform: mechanical friction
      - Circumvallate: back of tongue, most taste buds
  - - - Na, Cl binds to receptors hair of gustatory receptor cells
        
        Ion gate open, depolarization
        
        ATP release at synapse, generate action potential
      - Receptor increased by aldosterone
    - - H+ block potassium outflow (maintain resting membrane potential)
        
        Membrane depolarization
    - - bind to Gustducin
        
        G-protein receptor (GPCR) + subunits T1R2, T1R3
        
        Activated G-protein activates adenylate cyclase convert ATP to cAMP to close K+ channel
        
        Depolarization
    - - Bind to Gustducin
        
        Release Ca from ER
        
        Release neurotransmitter to synapse
    - - L-glutamate bind to G-protein
  - - - CN VII (facial, anterior one third),
      - CNIX glossopharyngeal (posterior two third)
      - CN X (extreme posterior, gag reflex)
- - - - Pseudostratified columnar
      - Supporting cell
      - Basal cell
      - Olfactory receptor
        
        Direct effect: chemically gated ion channel
        
        Indirect: 1st messenger odorant bind to G-protein
        
        Activated G-protein activate adenylate cyclase
        
        convert ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
        
        bind to Ca, Na receptor: Ca influx, membrane depolarizatio
        
        Cilia extends in epithelial surface in mucus, bind by odorants
      - Covers ethmoid bone, cribiform and perpendicular plate, nasal conchae (swirling motion of air)
    - - Bipolar neurons
      - Blood vessels
      - Bowman's gland: secretes mucus, trap molecules at epithelium
  - - - Axon pass through holes in cribiform plate
        
        Synapse wt olfactory bulb (inhibited or facilitated by other synapse)
        
        From olfactory cortex to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus
        
        Hypothalamus and limbic system: memory and emotion
        
        Orbitofrontal cortex at frontal lobe: perception and interpretation, categorization, association, differentiation