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Growth Disturbance (Develomental (Hypoplasia (Never attain full size…

- - - - Enlargement of organ due to increase of cell number
      - Liable/ stable cells can proliferate: spleen, endocrine gland
      - Etiology
        
        Pathology
        
        Prolonged/excessive hormone
        
        Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
        
        Thyroid gland hyperplasia (iodine deficiency)
        
        Parathyroid gland hyperplasia (vit D deficeincy)
        
        Adrenal cortex due to stress
        
        Virus
        
        Papilloma (skin wart) growth factor induced/released by virus
        
        Physiology
        
        Hormone
        
        Pregnancy: mammary gland
        
        Compensatory
        
        Liver regeneration after partial removal
        
        Myeloid tissue after blood donation
    - - Reduction of organ size due to reduce in cell size (loss cell component)
      - Pathology
        
        Nutritional: cachexia
        
        Neurogenic: loss of innervation
        
        Disuse: immbolization of limbs
        
        Ischemia
        
        Senile
        
        Hormonal: thyroid atrophy due to pituitary hormone/ Cushing's syndorme: muscle atrophy
        
        Pressure: tumour/ fluid
      - Physiology
        
        Loss of hormonal stimulation: uterine after pregnancy
        
        Thymus after puberty
    - - Increased in organ size due to increase in cell size
      - Increase in number of organelles
      - Etiology
        
        Physiology
        
        Increased demand
        
        Exercise/ training, striated muscle
        
        Hormone
        
        Estrogen: smooth muscle of uterine during gestation
        
        Pathology
        
        Adaptive
        
        Left ventricle hypertrophy: hypertension/ aortic valve disease
        
        Right ventricle hypertrophy: pulmonary valve stenosis
        
        Pyloric obstruction: stomach wall
        
        Compensatory
        
        Paired organ: kidney when on absenr
        
        Hormonal
        
        Excess GH: Gigiantism/ acromegaly
  - - - Replacement of another cell type via reprogramming of epithelium
      - Adverse environment, prevent further injury: chronic inflammation
      - Epithelium
        
        Glandular
        
        Lower esophagus (squamous): chronic acid reflux become columnar (Barrett's)
        
        Squamous
        
        Respiratory tract of smoker (ori: columnar)
        
        Upper digestive and respiratory tract of parrot wt vit A defiecincy
        
        Urinary bladder (transitional) due to urolith
      - Connective tissue
        
        Cartilage to bone
        
        old age/injury
    - - Development malformation of cell growth
      - Embryogenesis - joint
      - Loss of normal arrangement
    - - Backwoard form. Malignancy
    - - Away from normal oreintation
      - Pre-neoplastic
    - - Neoplastic cells x spread yet at ori site
    - - Degeneration of tissue due to disease or nutrition
      - Heredity
- - - - Ectopia cordis cervicalis
      - Corneal dermoid