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Psychopathology (Schizophrenia (Causes (Genetic factors - it runs in…
Psychopathology
Schizophrenia
Problems with how and what you think - they find it hard to relate and to communicate with others. It affects 1-2% of the population. They have 'disturbed' thinking, emotions, perception and behaviour.
'Splitmind' - this is not a multiple personality disorder but instead means the splitting of your mind so your thoughts and feeling don't always match
Symptoms
Disorganised and incoherent speech that doesn't make sense to anyone else but themselves; delusions - disturbed content of thinking (persecution, exaggeration, paranoia); hallucinations - perceiving stimuli when there is no stimuli present which is linked to sensory modality; attention problems
Distinction
Positive - 'undesirable additions to a person's mental life for example disordered thoughts or hallucinations'
Negative - 'subtractive elements from normal mental life' for example flat effect or poverty of speech
Causes
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Environmental factors - predisposed abnormal development or interaction with genetic vulnerability which leads to abnormal brain development. Examples of these are: prenatal exposure to trauma; low birth weight; parental age (if farther is older than 45 he could have mutations in his DNA); maternal drug use during pregnancy; complications during birth; child malnutrition or trauma
Psychological factors - maladaptive learning experiences; dysfunctional cognitive habits; stressful family communication patters
Biological Factors - less tissue (thalamic regions; prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas); enlargement of ventricles ( emotional expression thinking and information processing); continued tissue loss
Synaptic pruning - happens between early childhood and puberty onset. Synaptic connections are being wired for signal transmission that are used a lot which are used a lot, which happens to everyone, but people with schizophrenia wire abnormally
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Action of Antipsychotics
D2 receptor blockage - you see a change in positive symptoms. Dopamine that is being released has less of an effect. It blocks them or makes them efferent. The issue is that they aren't selective so don't just block the mesolimbic pathway but all the others to which causes a range of side effects
Side Effects
Mild - dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness
Serious - symptoms similar to parkinson's. The most serious side effect that you could get it tandive dyskinesia - 28% of people on this medication will get it and it is irreversible. Causes grotesque uncontrollable movement - tics usually hands, mouth or tongue
Mood disorders
They have extreme moods for example depression or mania. 17% of the population have a depression disorder (3F/1M). They feel inadequate, worthless, hopless, have sleep problems, weight gain or loss, hard to concentrate (cognitive deficits) and high risk of suicide(40%). Bipolar has to emotional extremes - depression and mania.
And the brain
Malfunctions in 'mood regions' - prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Neurotransmitter imbalance- serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. Malfunctions of the endocrine system - abnormal cortical levels. Reduce brain development ( for example hypo campus or frontal lobe)
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What is it?
Patterns of thinking, feeling or behaving that is disruptive and causes discomfort for those around them. It is about 30% of the population.
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