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Movement (Control of movement by the brain (Primary motor cortex (Inputs…
Movement
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Apraxia
This is dysfunction in motor area in your brain. Difficulty carrying out purposeful movements in an absence of paralysis or muscular weakness. Damage to corpus callous, frontal lobe or parietal lobe
Limb Apraxia
problems with movements of arms, hands and fingers. Difficulty in carrying out purposeful movements without muscular weakness. The cause is damage to corpus calms, left frontal lobe or left parietal lobe.
Constructional Apraxia
They have problems with drawing and perceiving 3D objects, making geometrical constructions such as assembling objects from blocks, map reading and spatial construction. This is because of damage to the right parietal lobe.
Oculomotor Apraxia
Problems making controlled, voluntary and purposeful eye movements. Often have difficulty moving eyes horizontally (sometimes vertically) and quickly. Associated with damage to corpus callosum
Muscle Contractions
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Neurotransmitter junction - synapse between motor neuron and muscle fibre. Motor neuron synapse motor end plates on surface of muscle fibre
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Brain to muscle?
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Basal ganglia
voluntary movement - sensory input also movements that are currently being planned by your motor cortex. Motor nuclei of basal ganglia include: caudate nucleus; putamen; globes pallid us. Influence movement under control of primary motor cortex and ventromedial system (automatic)
Input - cerebral cortex - primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex. Midbrain substantra nigra
Output - motor cortex - primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and SMA via thalamus
Cerebellum
Modulation of movement
Its function is to smooth ongoing movement. important for independent skilled rapid movements and postural reflexes. Integrates movement sequences
Input - vestibular, auditory and visual system for controlling postural reflexes. Motor and somatosensory cortex to control independent limb movement.
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Damage
Ataxia - lack of coordinated and coordination of movement (difficult executing purposeful movements)
Symptoms - disturbance of posture and balance; limb rigidity; decomposition of movements; impaired time of ballistic movements
Causes - stroke, hemorage, alcoholism, tumour, physical trauma or chronic degenerative disorders
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Skeletal muscle
This muscle attaches to your bone via tendons. It is stripped muscle. Usually under voluntary control apart when i comes to reflexes. There are two main classification of movement: extension and flexing
Two types of this muscle
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Intrafusal - found inside of the muscle spindle and function as a skeletal receptor. Regulates muscle contraction and stops unwanted stretch
Diseases
Parkinson's disease
Cause- damage to nigrastational bundle - loss ofstubstantia nigra neuronessecreating dopamine - disease based on basal ganglia
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Treatments - L-DOPA (dopamine precursor) - neurones of the body to increase dopamine pathways. However the side effects of that treatment is involuntary movements and postures. It effects 1% of adults over the age of 65
Huntington's disease
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Symptoms - uncontrollable jerky movements; cognitive and emotional change; leads to death in ten to fifteen years; usually starts 30's-40's. This is a hereditary disease and has no known treatments
Cardiac Muscle
Located in the walls of the heart. Has rhythmic contractions which is what maintains your heart rhythm. Involuntary controlled and is a mixture of striped and smooth muscle
Avoiding muscle damage
If your muscle contracts to much it could cause damage. Intrafusial muscle fibres - sensory endings detect stretch. Then tendons - golgi tendon organ contains stretch receptors so when there is tension that is to much the muscle will relax to stop harm coming to your tendons