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Social Facilitation and Inhibition (Behavioural effects due to others…
Social Facilitation and Inhibition
Evaluation apprehension
Fear of being judged
people watching can be considered by performer as an expert or important so the effect of the audience intensifies increasing inhibition and decreasing performance levels
Can occur when the people watching are known to the player
can be acute if performer is already lacking confidence
audiences that make no comment can cause sense of unease
if the audience is seen as expert or knowledgeable then EA can get worse
Preventing social inhibtion
Improving focus and concentration: getting players to focus on the game only and ignore the audience focus on the things that matter
Gradual introduction of evaluation: building up the level of audience along with the level of assessment and evaluation of performance
Familiarising players with a crowd: get team to practice with distraction so they are used to being watched
Behavioural effects due to others present
Co-actors: people who are doing the same thing as you but might not be directly involved in competition (Passive)
Competitors: also known as competitive co-actors now in direct competition (interactive)
Audience: passive others can be people in crowd or watching on TV causes pressure
Social reinforcers: Hold a direct influence on performance e.g. coach (interactive)
Zajonc suggested this theory of the four types of people which can be present and whether it inhibits or facilitates
inhibition will occur through the presence of passive others causing an increase in arousal and then either being a novice or complex task would cause a drop in performance
Facilitation also occurs in the presence of passive others but at the point of increased arousal if the dominant response is well trained or they are an expert or its a simple task
Performance and the dominant response
The dominant response is something that occurs due to increased arousal, its the response the performer deems correct due to being unable to fully interpret all the information in a situation
expert performer responses are well learned and familiar
novice will not have learned responses and will be unsure of what action is correct potentially turning a task complex due to increased arousal