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CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PROCESSES (CHEMICAL REACTIONS (classifying chemicals,…
CHEMISTRY: CHEMICAL PROCESSES
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
list of chemical reactions
appearance/disappearance of odour
formation of a precipitate
production of heat, light or sounds
formation of gas
colour change
classifying chemicals
Single Displacement -- compound + (non- )metal → compound + (non-)metal (AB+C→CB+A)
Double Displacement -- 2 aqueous ionic compounds → 2 ionic compounds (AB+CD→AD+CB)
Decomposition -- compound→element + element (AB→A+B)
Neutralization -- acid+base→salt+water (HB+XOH→XB+H2O)
Synthesis -- element + element → compound (A+B→AB)
Combustion -- hydrocarbon+oxygen→carbon dioxide+water (CxHy+O2→CO2+H2O)
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
balancing equations
Group 17 are diatomic molecules (so ex: N2, O2)
Only change coefficients, don’t touch subscripts
Balance atoms (H & O atoms last)
Reactants and products w/ states using proper chemical notations
Write balanced equation to skeletal equation
Polyatomic ions should be balanced as a group
i.e.
H2 (g) + N2 (g) → NH3 = 3H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
ACIDS AND BASES
similarities
conducts electricity in aqueous solution
can irritate/burn skin
dissolves in water
differences
corrode metals / doesn't corrode metals
reacts with metals / doesn't react with metals
releases hydrogen ions / releases hydroxide ions
pH < 7 / pH > 7
turns blue litmus paper red / turns red litmus paper blue
doesn't feel slippery / feels slippery
taste sour / taste bitter
acids / bases
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
number of elements at the start to end product
LCM dictates the need to resolve imbalance by balancing the equation
NOMENCLATURE
binary compounds
molecular compounds
naming covalent (non-metals) compounds
First element – name
Second element – name
Subscripts become Greek prefixes
mono must be used as a prefix of the second element only
i.e.
N2O = dinitrogen monoxide
writing formulas for covalent (non-metals) compounds
Identify both elements and give symbols
Add subscripts to indicate # of atoms
Write Formula
i.e.
disulphur decafluoride = S2F10
acids
naming binary acids
Start w/ prefix hydro-
Second element (non-metal) end with –ic
End with the word “acid”
writing formulas for binary acids
Write the atomic symbols for elements in the acid
Write the charges
Cross-over the charges to balance the acid
Erase and simplify charges
i.e.
hydroiodic acid = HI
ionic compounds
writing formulas
Write the symbols
Write the charges
Cross-over the charges
Remove the charges
Simplify
i.e.
Sodium Chloride - Na^+1 , Cl^-1 = NaCl
i.e.
Magnesium Chloride- Mg^+2 , Cl^-1 = MgCl2
naming formulas
simple anions are named according to elements that forms anion with the ending changed to -ide
i.e.
FeCl2 - Fe^2+, Cl^- = Iron (II) Chloride
polyatomic ions
oxy acid salts
metal + polyatomic non-metal
i.e.
Al2(SO4)3 = aluminum sulphate
i.e.
Magnesium Hydroxide = Mg(OH)2
common polyatomic ions
bases
metal + hydroxide (OH)
i.e.
Calcium Hydroxide = Ca(OH)2 (aq)
oxy acids charts
