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BIOLOGY (Differences between Plant and Animal Cells (Cell wall and…
BIOLOGY
Differences between Plant and Animal Cells
Cell wall and chloroplasts are only in plant cells
Plant cells contain a specialized chemical compound called chlorophyll, a pigment that makes photosynthesis possible
Plant cells have a large central vacuole. Vacuoles in animal cells tend to be small.
Some plant cells store more energy in the form of starch or oils, such as cornstarch and canola oil.
Animal cells store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate, or as lipids in the form of fats.
Some animal cells have specialized compounds: for example, hemoglobin in red blood cells and cholesterol in other cells.
Animal cells have centrioles, which are paired structures that are involved in cell division. Plant cells don't have centrioles.
Organs
Systems
Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails, glands (covers and protects body, glands help control body temperature)
Digestive System: mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, intestines, rectum ( ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of solid wastes)
Respiratory System: nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli diaphragm (exchange of gases)
Nervous System: brain, nerves, spinal cord (controls body functions, coordinates responses and activities)
Circulatory System: heart, blood vessels, blood (transportation of materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones and wastes within the body)
Excretory System: Skin, kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra (elimination of wastes)
Plant
Functions of the root:
Anchor plant in soil
Collect water from the surrounding soil and transport to the storm and store food that is made in other parts of the plant.
Bottom- protective epidermal tissue (root cap) just below meristematic tissue (allows growth) centre- ground & Vascular tissue
Functions of a Stem
Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Supports the leaves and flowers.
Homeostasis: tendency of an organism to maintain and a steady and acceptable range of physical and chemical conditions in which body cells, tissues and organs operate efficiently.
Tissues
Meristematic tissue: unspecialized tissue capable of dividing by mitosis. Found in several locations in the plant. Responsible for growing new parts of the plant.
Epidermal Tissue: Forms the protective outer covering. Allows the exchange of materials and gases into and out of the plant.
Ground Tissue: In the stem: provides strength and support. In the roots: stores food and water. In the leaves: where photosynthesis occurs.
Vascular Tissue: Moves substances from the roots to the leaves. Transports sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Cell organelles
chloroplasts
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
cell wall
ribosomes
cell membrane
central vacuole
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
nucleus
chromatin
Animal
Tissues
Connective Tissue: Supports and protects structures. Forms blood. Stores fat. Fills empty space.
Muscle Tissue: allows for movement
Nervous Tissue: responds to stimuli. Transmits and store information.
Epithelial Tissue: lines body cavities and outer surface of body. Protects structures. Forms glands that produce hormones, enzymes and sweat.
Nervous Tissue: responds to stimuli. Transmits and store information.
Cell organelle
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
chromatin
cell membrane
ribosomes
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
lysosome
mitochondrion
vacuole
cytoskeleton
Cell cycle
Interphase
G1 phase: cell growth
S phase: DNA replication
G2 phase: preparation for mitosis
M phase
Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and move to opposite poles
Metaphase: the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell
Prophase: (early)the chromatin condenses to form chromosomes. The centrioles move toward the poles. Spindle fibre form.
(late) the nucleus envelope breaks down. Each chrome is connected to a spindle fibre at its centromere.
Telophase and Cytokinesis: The mitotic spindle breaks down and two new nuclei form. The chromosomes lose their distinct shape. The cytoplasm and the cell membrane pinch in half to form 2 new daughter cells
Cancer cells: A cell that uncontrollably divides and this is developed when a change occurs in the cell that affect how the cell divides. When cells DNA is changed, it is called a mutation
Apoptosis: regular death of cells that are no longer useful
Medical imaging
X-ray
Radiotherapy: wueigawi
Fluoroscopy: shows the movements of organs
Computed assisted tomography: CT of the brain , used to diagnose cancer
Ultrasound: studies soft tissues and major organs, uses high frequency waves
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): uses imaging for the brain, heart, liver, soft tissues, & inside of the bones