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Memory (Modifying factors (Environmental support (O performe better in…
Memory
Task view
- major factors influencing presence and size of negative age differences
- controlled vs automatic proc
- cognitive load
- associative vs item processing
- environmental support or compensation
Brain view
- front to back or last in first out
- prefrontal regions last to reach full maturity, and earliest age-related decline
- WM vs short term storage
- item recognition vs free recall
- hippocampus and medial temporal regions deterioration
- anterior temporal lobe preserved with semantic memory
Neurocognitive process view
- O e Y differ in the efficiency
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Older adults are more reliant on top-down
control at earlier stages of processing and lower
levels of task difficulty
Repetition priming
Rely on automatic processes
- repetition of previous stimuli leads to faster response
- spared in aging but increasing control associated with decline in perf.
- low demand: spared, if deficits = DEMENTIA
- High demand: deficit also in normal aging
- O reduction in left inferior FC during semantic decision task similar to Y
- differences in right PF and inferior temporal regions that reflect engagement of compensatory processing
Nondeclarative memory
- behavioral good performance unless task is very demanding
- neural dipends on regions
Episodic memory
- familiarity vs recollection
- bahavioral, familiarity spared
- neural, increased activity in rhinal cortex
- reduced activity in hippocampal regions
- Familiarity is less specific, increasing false memories
- more extensive activation in PFC e parietal (compensation)
Encoding
- reduction in controlled processes
- difficulty to self-initiated
- less distinct representation
- accidental encoding of irrelevant items, which compete with the target
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Storage
changes in cholinergic systems linked to reduced sleep quality and rediìuced efficiency and duration of consolidation
Compensation
deterioration of cognitive-related structures reduce the efficiency: homologues regions to compensate (HAROLD)
deterioration of memory-related structures, reduced activation of hippocampus lead to frontoparietal cognitive control network
deterioration on sensory-related structures and less specialized representations in regions associated with higher level visual processing = degraded representation
O difficulties in recalling associations between items or within the context (sources memory)
difficulties in associate features in an item
- frotal component - influence in WM
- temporal memory related component (association process)
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Modifying factors
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Type of processing
increasing the depth of a process, increases the likelihood taht the info is remembered. If too demanding - reverse effect
Environmental support
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rare errors in situations of routine, reminders, with maps
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Interventions
- exercise
- nutrition
- behaviorally based training
- pharmaceuticals
Cardiovascular training
- reliable effect on memory
- larger effect on EF e cognitive control
Bahaviorally based
- small effect on EF e memory
- moderate benefits to memory performance lasted for 5 yr but not in everyday life (THE ACTIVE STUDY)
- try to improve perceptual processing in encoding and train O to engage more attention and control in encoding
- help distinguish cues and responses appropriate
Influence of individual charateristics
- in cardio training benefits for people with genetic risk
- low ability = more difficulties, but more improvement
- training based on individuals
- individuals could choose their strategy = better performance and minor number of selfreported errors in everyday life
- training with ENCODING STRATEGIES = better performance and increase PFC activity during encoding e recollection-related hyppocampal activity during retrieval
- recollection after intentional encoding = to Y