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Social Sources of Disease & Death (Epidemiology (Disease = Biological,…
Social Sources of Disease & Death
Epidemiology
Disease = Biological
Illness = Social experience of having a disease
Social epidemiology = Distribution of disease within a population by social factors
Mortality: deaths
Morbidity: Symptoms, illnesses, impairments
Life Expectancy: Average # of years one expects to live
History of disease
Began:
Middle Ages (commerce, trade, & cities)
Led to epidemics in Europe
Bubonic Plague
Leprosy
Smallpox
15th and 16th centuries:
Pandemics began to diminish
Early 1700s:
LE began to increase
Reasons:
Changes in warfare
Development of new crops and new lands
Decrease in # of children
Women less often engaged in fieldwork
Diseases in New World
Brought by colonizers
14 new diseases
The Epidemiological Transition
Increase in industrialization and urbanization = increased mortality rates, especially among the poor
Main killers = Tuberculosis, Influenza, Pneumonia, Typhus
Infectious diseases declined, chronic disease increased (due to social conditions)
Emergence of HIV/AIDS
Treated as distasteful moral issue rather than medical emergency
Risk: Poor, marginalized neighbourhoods
Today's Top Killers
Cancer
Heart Disease
Stroke
Principles Underlying Social Epidemiology
"Web of Causation"
Latency period between exposure & onset of disease
Multiple social risk factors operate as a "black box"
Theories behind social determinants of health
Health Belief Model:
Explain why healthy individuals adopt preventive health behaviours
Population Health Model:
Posits that health & illness are determined by the full range of individual & collective factors
Fundamental Cause Theory:
To be identified as a fundamental cause, certain guidelines are put in place
The Stress Process:
Stressors, Moderators, Health Outcomes