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AGING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (Beneficial effects (Body improves …
AGING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Maximal oxygen capacity VO2max
maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise
assess the efficacy of interventions to improve cardiovascular fitness
misure of aerobic capacity modifiable by partecipation of aerobic activities
40-60% higher in men
Beneficial effects
Body
improves
cardiovascular fitness
endurance
muscle strength
muscle endurance
flexibility
body composition
prevents
cardiovascular pathology
muscular scheletric apparatus is preserved
Effects on brain
greater cerebral volume
prevents atrophy in grey e white matter
slows down the deterioration expecially in PFC e hippocampus
Effects on cognition
increases speed of information processing
benefits on EF e ep memory functions
Physical activity may be the single most important modifiable risk factor for dementia in the USA
Studies have found that pysical activity is associated with reduced cognitive decline e lower incidence of dementia
Studies
1.
incidence of AD higher for those who engaged in physical activity
fewer than 3 times a week
(19.7-13.0)
2.
self-report physical activity in early to midlife associated with
reduced risk for dementia and MCI
3.
greater engagement in physical activity associated with a
40% reduced risk for cognitive decline
4.
aerobic exercise
show improvements on measures of memory, processing speed, inhibitory control
5. aerobic exercise improvemets in EF
Effects of exercise on cognitive funcions are
general
cause all cognitive domains are improved
specific
cause EF are more affected than other domains
especially aerobic with resistance training
Exercise on impaired population
Studies
1. MCI
improved in women
2. MCI
aerobic ex improvements in verbal learning memory
resistanece training improved associative memory and EF
Effects on gray matter volume and white matter integrity
- Self-reported measures:
greater engagement associated with greater volume in PFC
- objective measures:
greater hippocampal volumes and better spatial memory
association between aerobic fitness and EF is mediated by PFC volume
higher cardiorespiratory fitness level associated with
:
better performance ins stroop e spatial working memory task SPWM
greater gray matter in several regions PFC, ACC
volume of the right inferior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus mediated relationship between CRF e stroop
DLPFC mediated association between CRF (ormone rilascio corticotropina) e SPWM accuracy
brisk walking can increase hippocampus volume
Athletes have greater white matter integrity and fewer white matter lesions
higher cardiorespiratory
fitness associated with greter brain activation during attentional demanding task in PFC e parietal and reduced in ACC
resistance
increases neural activation in anterior portion of middle temporal gyrus and the anterior insula extending to lateral occipital e frontal cortex
Mediators e moderators
increasing rate of angiogenesis
production of new capillary: more oxygen
proliferation and survival of neurons in detate gyrus of hip: learning e memory
increased BDNF
decrease in cytokines
changes in neurotrasmitter (dopa e sero)
moderators: APOE E4 carriers benefit more for physical activity
Cognitive functioning predicts performance in ultra-marathon
high performers have higher level on accuracy in go-nogo task
high performers re faster in performing the first task in a dual task and they are less destractable by the info of the second task
Factors that influences the performance: good motor inhibition (agility) and esternal focus of the attention