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CANCER CELLS (SIGNS of Ca (1. upset stomach or stomachache (Colon Ca,…
CANCER CELLS
SIGNS of Ca
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2. Chronic acid stomach/heartburn, feeling full after small meal
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4. Jaundice
Pancreatic Ca, +dark color urine, clay colored stool, itching
5. Wheezing/SOB
Lung Ca, metastasis to lung
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8. Difficulty swallowing
Esophageal/throat ca. Lung ca,
9. chronic heartburn
Esophageal ca, GERD may trigger Barret's esophagus (precursor esophageal ca)
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11. swollen LN, lumps on neck, underarm, groin
neck LN--head ca, thyroid, throat ca.
neck ,underarm, groin LN--leukemia
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15. bowel problems
constipation, diarrhea, changes in stool w/o clear cause.
colon ca--frequent stool, feel incomplete emptying
pancreatic ca--fatty stool, frequent, large stool, paler than normal and smelly
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BIODATA
Definition
abnormal/uncontrolled cell growth, loss of normal cell growth
in normal tissues:
-rate of cell growth=old cell death
-abnormal/damaged cells will undergo apoptosis.
in cancer, this balance is disrupted.
-due to uncontrolled cell growth
-or loss cell ability to undergo apoptosis.
genetic disease
most cancer--mutation in somatic cells, some only in germline cells.
genetic mutations during cell divisions, from external agents, random event.--results in altered protein.
Factors
alterations/mutations in the genetic code, induced by
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Role of gene
Tumor suppressor genes
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Rb genes
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Rb bind to E2F(require for synthesis of replication enzymes)
-->no transcription/replication for S phase.
-->then GF will activate Ras pathway
--> increase G1 Cdk-cyclin synthesis
--active Cdk will phosphorylate Rb
--Rb cannot bind E2F-->allow gene transcription, mRNA translation for enzymes n other proteins required for S phase.
inactivation, disruption, deletion of Rb gene-->cancer.
p53
damage DNA activates p53,
phosphorylated p53 -->p21 (Cdk inhibitor) transcription
--> inhibit G1-Cdk-Cyclin (cannot phosphorylate Rb protein)
--> cell cycle arrest-allow DNA repair.
if cannot repair-->apoptosis
disruption/deletion gene/inactivation p53 protein:
- uncorrected DNA damage
- uncontrolled cell proliferation
- cancer
DNA repair genes
Function: Genes that ensure each strand of genetic information is accurately copied during cell civision of cell cycle.
mutations: leads to increase frequency of mutation in other genes, such as proto-oncogenes & TSG.
eg:
1.BRCA1 & 2-breast cancer susceptibility genes.
2.Hereditary non-polyposis Colon Ca susceptibility genes (MSH2, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2) --have DNA repair function,
mutation-->tumorigenesis.
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