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Cross Cultural Communications for International Managers (Communication…
Cross Cultural Communications for International Managers
Definitions
Intercultural communication
communication with people from different backgrounds, but in the same country
Cross-cultural communication
Communication across borders
Negotiation process
Distributive: zero sum game
Integrative: win-win situation
Part of strategy
Joint ventures
Operational details
Five steps
Planning
Done in home country
accounts for any issues
Familiarisation with negotiation subjects
Cultural awareness/differences learning
Relationship Building
Efficiency vs patience
Use of intermediaries and compromise
Exchange of information
Presentations, Q&A session
Alternatives discussed
Persuation
Hard bargaining
Soft persuasion
Tactics
Agreement
Must be aware of typical concession strategies of other cultures
Timing of information disclosure and concerns is critical
Final contract determined by cultural values
Communication
Process of sharing meaning by transmitting messages through media
Non/verbal
Sub/counscious
Words, behaviour, material artifacts
Process
Source > encoding > channel > decoding > receiver
Lots of variables affect messages
Relationships, perceptions, knowledge
Noise/distractions
Filtering
Selective understanding
Affected by culture
Attribution
Looking for an explanation for another's behaviour
Methods
Verbal/oral
quick transmission
good to see body language
potential for distortion if there are many people
no way to reference again in the future
immediate
no time to respond with well thought out answers
lots of control
Four styles of verbal communication
Direct (explicit) vs indirect (implicit)
Low context: message is explicit
High context: Message is coded and implicit
Communication quantity
Elaborate
Arabic cultures
Exacting
Precise, avoids ambiguity
Germany
Succinct
fewer words, silence, understatements
asian cultures
Contextual vs Personal styles
Contextual: focus on relationship
asian
concern for status
High power distance
Collective
High context cultures
Personal: focus on speaker and reduction of barriers between parties
informal
Affective vs instrumental
Affective: Observe how the sender is presenting the message
Individualistic, low context cultures
Instrumental: goal oriented, focus on the sender
what is not said is important too
Collective, high context cultures
Written
permanent, verifiance
can convey complex/lengthy messages
Time consuming
no in-built feedback mechanism
Non-verbal
Very important
Hard to conceal
body language
gestures
postures
expressions
intonation
voice pitch, stress, enunciation
Different types
Kinesics
study of communication through body movement and facial expressions
eye contact
Proximics
influence of proximity and space
Greeting style
Personal space
Office layout/seating arrangements to symbolise power relations
Paralanguage
How something is said
Rate of speaking
Silence
Object language
communication through material objects
Architecture/furniture
Clothing, cosmetics, hairstyles
Modes of transport
Social use of meals
Stereotypes
Categorisation according to common attributes
Can be positive and negative
Consciously held
Trust
Aids effective communication
Informal understandings between parties
Depends on customs of the culture
Implications for longstanding and 'arm's length' relationships
Benefits:
Overlooking differences
Helps adjustment to unforeseen circumstances
Communication barriers
language
poor writing a greater barrier than poor talking
Written communication
Approaches to letter writing are different
degree of politeness
Personal information
Apologies
Perceptual barriers
view of reality
Advertising messages
View of others based on role perception
perception of managers from subordinates
Perception of women's roles
Time
Monochromatic time systems
Individualist cultures
Polychronic
collectivist cultures
Long relationships
High power distance
Non-verbal communication
can lead to misunderstandings in the cross cultural communication process
Different interpretations across cultures
Achieving communication effectiveness
Developing communication skills
active listening skills
Feedback skills
Important differences
Processes
Styles
Goals