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Introduction to course and anatomical thinkinh (Skull (Anterior Skull…
Introduction to course and anatomical thinkinh
Organ Systems
integumentary
: epidermis, dermis, glands, subcutaneous tissue, sweat glands, melanocytes, hair, naisl
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous system -
control homeostasis by stimulating muscle contraction and gland secretion
Cardiovascular system
lymphatic system -
protectes body by attacking foreign substances
Anatomical Terminology - subject stands erect, facing observer, upper extremities at the sides, palms turned forward, feet flat on the door
Anatomic Planes
Sagittal
/Median - divides body into the left and right portions
mid-sagittal: divides body into equal left and right
Axial
/ Transverse/ Horizontal - divides into superior and inferior
Coronal
/Frontal - divides body into anterior and posterior (front/back)
Skull
Fetal Skull
Fontanelle -> connective tissue membrane, allows bones to slide over each other
6 total: 4 paired, 2 unpaired
-
sunken, baby may be dehydrated or suffering failure to thrive, pulsating heavily, may indicated increased ICP
Anterior
- frontal, diamond shaped
Posterior
- occipital lamdoid suture
Sphenoid (paired)
antero-lateral
Mastoid (paired)
postero-lateral
General surface features of bone
Body: central mass
Process: relatively sharp extension of bone
Protuberance: rounded elevation on surface of bone
Condyle: projection of bone located at articulation points
Fossa: large depressed area
Foramen: circular or oval-shaped opening
Fissure: narrow, cleft-like opening
Adult Skull
- 22 bones
21 immovable
1 mandible
Divisions of skull
Cranium
Neurocranium -->
calvarium: skullcap, protects brain
cranial base: skull floor
Viscerocranium
protects entrance to respiratory system
protects entrance to digestive system
Neurocranium: 8 bones total (noggin)
unpaired
= frontal, ethmoid, sphnoid, occipital
paired
= pairetal, temporal
Viscerocranium: 15 bones total
Unpaired
= vomer, ethmoid, mandible
Paired
= maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, palatine
Pneumatized Bones
These bones contain air spaces
function to decrease weight
volume of air spaces increase with age
pneumatized bones
= frontal,maxillae, ethmoid, sphenoid
Anterior Skull Landmarks
Superciliar arches
prominent aspect of frontal bone
underlies eyebrow
greater in males
Glabella
smooth, slightly depressed area between superciliary arches
Point of fusion of frontal suture present in infants
Nasion
Intersection between frontal and nasal bones
aka bridge of nose
Mental Protuberance
Triangular bony elevation formed by fusion of two halves of mandible
forms prominence of chin
Lateral Skull Landmarks
Main Features: Temporal fossa, External acoustic meatus, Mastoid process of temporal bone, Styloid process of temporal bone, infratemporal fossa, zygomatic arch.
Infratemporal fossa -> irregular space inferior and deep to the zygomatic arch, posterior to maxilla, contains important neurovascular structures.
Pterion
- H shaped formation of sutures uniting, frontal, sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones.
Posterior Skull Landmarks
External Occipital Protuberance --> overlies confluence of sinuses
External Surface of Cranial Base
Hard palate
- palatal process of maxillae, horizontal plates of palatine bones
Choanae
- superior to posterior edge of palate, posterior nasal apertures, separated by vomer.
Sphenoid bone
- wedge between frontal, temporal, occipital bones
Mandibular fossa
- depression in squamous part of temporal bone for mandibular condyles.
Occipital condyle
- cranium articulates with vertebral column
Interior part of the Skull --> Nasal Septum = Perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer + anterior midline cartilage