Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Relations with…
Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Relations with indigenous peoples
Challenges to British rule
British forced to fight to consolidate their dominance e.g. various parts of Africa during era of expansion
Challenges empire came cost to Britain- money, time, attention and pride
Resistance in form of political action and protest, e.g. India where nationalist campaign took hold and grew in years to 1914
Challenges in India
Shivram Paranjape:
Kaal- 'Times' or 'Terminator'
Popularity of Kaal led to Paranjape's arrest for sedition in 1908
Founded the Kaal in 1898
19 months imprisonment with hard labour, released 1910 British authorities banned publication of Kaal and confiscated writings
Abhinav Bharat (Young India) organisation
Home for several 100 revolutionaries and political activists
Established branches in various parts of India
Founded by Savarkar brothers in 1903
Carried out assassinations of British officials, including district magistrate Arthur Jackson and London-based military advisor Lieutenant-Colonel Curzon-Wyllie in 1909
Bal Tilak:
Accused inciting murder of a medical officer
Editor of Kesari
Viceroy Curzon's controversial partition of Bengal prompted vociferous opposition to Raj
Outlet for protest found in emergence and growth of nationalist newspapers
Tilak forefront of a swadeshi or self-sufficiency campaign designed undermine British rule
1890s: political opposition to British rule grew amongst educated Indian professional classes
Petitions and protests, public boycott of British goods took place
6 year campaign successful- Bengal reunited in 1911
Methods and principles influenced Mohandas Gandhi
British rule met challenges from indigenous peoples of the Empire
Challenges in Africa
British Somaliland:
Counter Hassan and his Dervishes British conducted joint military action with Ethiopia's Emperor Menelik without success
Dervishes secured victory over outnumbered British 'Camel Constabulary' at Battle of Dul Madoba in August 1913 (not suppressed until after WWI)
c1900 Hassan forces mounted raids on British Somaliland antagonizing local communities
Hassan aim to halt Ethiopian, Italian and British gains in Somalia with declared intention driving all Christians into sea
Sayyid Hassan built force of c20,000 Dervish forces, armed with weapons from Ottoman Empire
Sayyid Hassan, self-styled Somali religious warrior known to British as 'Mad Mullah'- typical those saw it duty to resist British authority
Zanzibar:
British control challenged by Khalid bin Barghash assumed power in August 1896 after suspicious death pro-British Sultan Hamoud
Khalid commanded 3000 men, fled following heavy bombardment from British ships anchored nearby (lasted 2 days)
Other challenges emanated from local peoples sought resist British influence
West Africa:
Cardew insisted local chiefs organise followers to maintain roads
Cardew responded militarily and deployed 'scorched earth' approach involved setting fire to entire villages, farms and crops
1898: British Governor of Sierra Leone, Colonel Cardew introduced severe tax on dwellings known as 'hut tax'
Surrender from Cardew's primary adversary Chief Bai Bureh in Nov 1898 but 100s killed
British government plea leniency- Cardew had 96 chief warriors hanged
Challenges British rule in Africa result competition of other European powers and settlers
The Sudan
Modern government:
Penal codes
Land tenure rules
System of taxation 1st time
Sudanese:
Tribes refused renounce customs
Refused pa taxation
Inter-tribal feuds persisted
British: 30 years subdue tribes in South
British response:
33 punitive expeditions mounted force tribesmen accept new order
Rebellious natives brutally treated- public hangings example of rebels
Sudanese saw British as exchanging one oppressor for another
Economic development:
E.g. Nile Valley
Telegraph/ railway lines linked northern Sudan and Port Sudan (1906)
Port Sudan: principal outlet to sea
1911 Gezira Scheme: joint government/ private initiative provides high-quality cotton for British textile industry
Improvements in irrigation system
Sudanese welcome downfall Mahdist regime
Destroyed Sudanese economy
Decline 50% population- famine, disease, persecution, warfare
Mahdist uprisings: 1900/ 1902-03/ 1904/1908
Battle of Omdurman/ Fall of Khartoum 1898: ‘the downfall of the worst tyranny in the world’- the daily mail
The causes and consequences of the Boer War
Causes
Rhodes and Chamberlain worried Britain’s dominance southern Africa threatened
Jameson raid 1895: topple Paul Kruger’s government, clash voting rights Uitlanders
Alfred Milner: South African High Commissioner 1897- encouraged British pursue vigorous policy
Transvaal President 1898- reflect Boers’ nationalist/ British interference
Discovery gold on Rand in 1886- extended control Swaziland own independent rail network to Portuguese-controlled port Lourenco Marques
Tom Edgar shot Transvaal policeman Dec 1898
Rhodes: bring Boer republics (Transvaal, Orange Free State) into South African federation
High tariffs imposed Boers damage trade/ personal hostility Paul Kruger
Bloemfontein Conference May-June 1899:
Milner demanded Transvaal grant voting rights Uitlanders- Kruger refused
Cecil Rhodes Prime Minister of Cape in 1890
October 1899: Kruger ultimatum demand British withdrawal borders Boer republics
Consequences
Drive for national efficiency/ dampened jingoism
Treaty of Vereeniging May 1902: Boers £3 million compensation restore and restock farms
British expectations: last 3-4 months, involve 75,000 troops, cost £10 million BUT lasted 3 years, involved 400,000 troops, cost £230 million (22,000 British death to 6000 Boers)
Milner: integrate economies of British and Boer colonies- single customs union and amalgamating railway systems
Interned Boer civilians/ black Africans died result malnutrition and disease
Transvaal self-governing status 1906
Boer families/ black Africans interned in concentration camps, suffered horrendous conditions
Orange River Colony 1907
Commander-in-Chief General Kitchener deployed ‘scorched earth’ policy: incinerate Boer farms and livestock
Natal voted referendum- establishment Union of South Africa as independent Dominion
Constitution: allowed states retain voting policies
1902: British military victory
Concentration camps
Humanitarians, left-wing liberals and socialists refused believe 'the ends justified the means'- described use of camps as 'methods of barbarism'
More than 16,000 British soldiers killed by disease, nearly 3x many died from enemy action
Epidemics spread easily- result of contemporary medical and sanitary ignorance
End Second Boer War: 115,000 people living in camps, many more (women and children) died in them
Uitlanders voting rights
Uitlanders: British settlers who flocked into the Transvaal in search of gold
Paid taxes but denied vote, secure 14 years residency in Transvaal and be over 40 years to qualify
50,000 Britons were excluded from political rights, despite fact Boer residents living in British-run Cape Colony were given voting rights