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Cultural Context: Dimensions (GLOBE Project (Uncertainty avoidance (Extent…
Cultural Context: Dimensions
Hofstede
5 dimensions of culture (national culture only)
Power distance - how employees see authority
High power distance
Well defined order
Everyone has their place
Status difference
Hierarchy and centralised firms
Rules and procedures
Orders are accepted
Low power distance
equal right to work in any position
Skills and knowledge important
Firms are flatter and decentralised
Orders can be questions
Uncertainty avoidance
High avoidance
strong need for security
Highly structured
Detailed
Competition viewed as bad
Low avoidance
comfortable with the unknown
Acceptance of change and innovation
Organisation is flexible
Individualism
High individualism
Identity is with 'I'
Society is loosely bound
Less loyalty, more mobility
Individual incentives preferred
Low individualism
identity is with the group
High loyalty to organisation
Less job mobility
Motivated by group incentives
Masculinity
High
Japan
Value comes from material success
Independent decision making
Rewards based on achievement
Low (femininity)
Sweden
Value comes from relationships
Cooperative
Gender equality
Time
Long term orientation
China, Japan
Perseverance
Respect for tradition
Preservation of face
Short term orientation
America
Annual profit levels are important
Price driven contracts
Trompenaar
Relationships with people
Universalism vs Particularism
Uni: rules applied objectively
Part: circumstances dictate rule application
Individualism vs Communitarianism
Emotion vs Neutrality
Affective: Emotions expressed openly
Mexico, Netherlands
Neutral: emotions held in check
Australia
Specificity vs diffuseness
Specific: small private space, large public space
Nordic countries
Diffuse: Public and private space similar in size
Japan
Achievement (performance) vs Ascription (status)
Attitudes towards time
Perceptions of time
Sequential
Time is strict, one thing done at a time
Western countries
Synchronous
Time is fluid, can multitask
Middle eastern countries
Attitudes towards environment
Relationship to nature
Internal locus of control
You are the boss
External locus of control
Will of God is boss
Resistant to change
GLOBE Project
Power distance
Uncertainty avoidance
Extent of avoidance of uncertainty through reliance on social norms to alleviate unpredictability of future events
Collectivism vs individualism
Family/in-group collectivism
Expression of pride/loyalty in organisation
Gender differentiation
Extent of minimising gender roles/discrimination
Assertiveness
Future orientation
Performance orientation
Humane orientation
Value of kindness, generosity, fairness etc