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Cultural Context (Characteristics (Multilayered (Explicit artefacts and…
Cultural Context
Characteristics
learned
life experience
peers
shared/borrowed
group rather than individual
Transgenerational
Symbolic
Artefacts, iconography
Multilayered
Explicit artefacts and products of society
norms and values
Implicit assumptions that guide behaviour
Dynamic
Factors affecting management
Time
Anglo saxon cultures, time = money
Time = productivity
Encouragement of hard work
SEA and Latin American cultures, time is more flexible
'rubber time'
Importance of time related to authority
The more important, the more flexible time is
Authority
Hierarchy
Low context cultures
solving problems
organising tasks
Australia
All equals
High context cultures
Authority is clear
Indonesia
Employees are not equals
Nature of leadership
Expert
Germany
Problem solver
Tough decision maker
Nurture group harmony
Age
Youthful achievers respected
Australia
Age/seniority respected
Asia and Middle East
Education
Transmitter of cultural value
Australia - individual development
UK - elitist/class based system
Germany - apprenticeships
Japan and France - rote learning for success
Status
Inherited
Earned
Difference in acquisition affects job attitudes and performance
Reward system
Compensation for individual
Anglo countries
Compensation for group performance
Japan
Affects attitudes to job hopping
Japan - lack of loyalty
US - lack of ambition
Subcultures
National/Regional
Social class
Organisational
Coping with differences
Developing cross-cultural literacy
Sensitivity
Awareness/acknowledgement of validity of other cultures
No judgement
Acculturation
Assimilation
Integration
Expected
Takes best of both cultures
Marginalisation
Worst case scenario
Separation
Different perspectives
Emic
assumes all cultures are unique
Aims to understand culture from the viewpoint of the insider
How locals think
Etic
Aims to find underlying universal principles which natives may not see in their own culture
Assumes all universals can be identified
Context
High context cultures
Context of conversation and cultural cues are just as important as words spoken
China, Japan
Employees involved in multiple relationships/purposes
Low context cultures
Meaning is explicitly conveyed
Australia
Managers from these cultures find it hard to work in high context cultures
Employees have specific purpose