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DEFENCES (DURESS BY THREATS (seriousness (the threat must be of death or…

- - - - R v Hasan
    - - A(RJ)
    - - Valderrama-Vega
    - - Dao
  - - - R v Abdul-Hussain
  - - - R v Bowen
  - - - R v Howe
      - two stage test
  - - - R v Sharp
    - - R v Hasan
- - - - honest belief that force was necessary?
      - was the force used proportionate?
      - R v Williams (Gladstone)
      - disproportionate force
        
        excessive force cannot be reasonable force
        
        R v Palmer
        
        excessive force that results in death cannot be used as a self-defence... it would also not substitute a murder conviction for manslaughter
        
        R v Clegg
      - pre-emptive force
        
        a man about to be attacked does not have to wait for his assailant to strike the first blow/fire shot
        
        R v Beckford
  - - - degree of force used is not to be regarded as having been unreasonable unless it was grossly disproportionate
      - R v Hussain
        
        public pressure to change law
      - R v Collins
        
        ECHR art 2
- - - - R v Kingston
    - - R v Hardie
  - - - DPP v Majewski
    - - R v Beard
    - - R v Heard
    - - A-G for Northern Ireland v Gallagher
      - having the mens rea and then self-induced alcohol to gain the courage to commit the crime
- - - - defect of reason
        
        Simester and Sullivan
      - from a disease of the mind
        
        Kemp, Hennessy, Quick
      - resulting in D not knowing the nature and quality of his act
      - or if he did know, he did not know that it was wrong
- - - - Bratty v A-G for NI
    - - R v Isitt
    - - R v Quick
    - - R v Bailey