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Gender and Sexuality (Suffrage (Paula Baker - Formal suffrage had little…
Gender and Sexuality
Suffrage
Federalism - 1910 Washington, 1911- California. 1912: T Roosevelt gives federal support to the idea (where it shares a relationship with civil rights movement and the devolution of local power?
Nancy F. Cott, 1987 - Woman movement vs Women's movement. Not a united movement until the 1970s
Paula Baker - Formal suffrage had little real influence when political culture had been de-masculinized in the 19th century. Therefore downplays the importance of political/legislative 'watersheds'
But - women's political participation remained largely confined to the local. 3.5% state level officials in 1969 to 13% in 1983. In 1951, only 8 members of congress were women, only 18 by 1977
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Sara Evans - The irony was that women collectively asserted themselves to be able to assert their individual right at the ballot box
Middle-class, white people narrative: general Federation of Women's Clubs, 150,000 membs by 1900 - 'municipal house-keeping' - was the first wave of feminism every actually 'collective' if it represented such a small section of society. However, groups like Florence Kelly's 'Consumers League' impacted the lives of all women
Race
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Susan Lynn - Story of 1950s/1960s campaigning is actually quite intersectional . Young Women's Christian Association and American Friends Service Committee also took on the issue of civil rights
Role in suffrage - NWSA broke away from the American Equal Rights Association as it believed that the issue of woman's suffrage was being compromised by the bias towards civil rights
Winfred Breines - only reconciled their differences in the 1970s. E.g. the 1977 national women's conference in 1977, at which 35% of the attendees were not white
Imperialism: Alison Sneider, 2014. Discourse around the 'white woman's burden' legitimised political discourses around suffrage
Workplace
Protective Labour Legislation - 1909: Trade Unionists in Illinois successfully shortened the hours of working women, 1913 - passage of minimum wages laws in 8 states
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Kathy Peiss - Cheap Amusement. The way in which the disposable income of working-class women fuelled a commercially orientated leisure industry. Move away from the historiographical focus on the 'New Woman' during the inter-war period
Sara Evans - break out of the dichotomy between the public and the private sphere, Was about women actively re-shaping the definition of the private sphere
African - America experience of the workplace. Forced out of the private sphere out of necessity. 'Don't Buy Where You Can't Work' - 75,000 jobs opened up for African-Americans. 97% of black single mums worked on the land, only decreased to 92% by 1930. By 1945: Dom service only 20% and establishment of Fair employment Practice sCommittee
Links w/ broader civil rights movement - joined with United Auto Workers Union in demos in 1942-43 in Detroit
Consumerism
Alyssa Velzquez: Housewification and then the hostessisifcation of women in the 1970s trapped them firmly within the confines of domesticity
Increase in consumer spending - 60%, 240% for houshold items and furnishings
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Domestically based consumerism was compounded by the domestification of women in the early cold war years: 18/1000 birth rate jumped to 25/1000 in 1950
Sexuality
2013 - Supreme Court ruled that lack of federal recognition of same-sex marriage infringed on rights
Sara Evans - WW2 literally created the physically space for more same-sex interactions. Women in more sanctioned all-women environments
Kennedy and Davis - Boots of Leather: but what about discourses of race which are subsumed by class?
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Sexuality in political discourses - McCarythism and homosexuality. Homosexuality and the culture wars
Supreme court: 1992: Colorado, prevent local municipalities from recognizing gays and lesbians as a protected class of citizens . Overturned in 1996
The Cold War Years
'Sexual Revolution' - Culture wars. Anti-porn feminists would later join forces with anti-feminists
1960 - approval of first oral contraceptive
1965: Griswold = contraceptives for married couples. 1972: Eisenstadt: for unmarried couples
McCarythism associated homosexuality with communism
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Helen Laville - Women as being central to the liberal consensus as consumers . oConsumer spending increased 60% between 1945 and 1950 and increased 240% on household appliances and furnishings in particular
Masculinities
Harlem Renaissance as an alternative, geographically bound site of masculinity
David Levernenz, 2003 - Men had their masculinity challenged by industrial society. In the corporate world, traits of subservience became more desirable than traditional characteristics of independence
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WW1/ Inter-war period
Impact of the Great Depression. 1890-1920: no of married women woking for wages increased from approx 3% to 9%. 1932 economy act discriminated against the employment of married women
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Think about in broader context: Greater state intervention in social and economic matters than ever before
WW2
Ruth Milkman, 1987 - Rosie the Riveter might have been doing a man's job, but she was working in the women's section of the man's job. Kessler-Harris - war challenged fundamental physiological assumptions that had justified Discrimination against women
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An extension of existing roles? -3 million volunteered for the Red Cross. Women in the electrical engineering industry mainly doing piecework. 6 mill joined the labour force - but what do quantitative stats like this actually tell us?
29% - 55% number of jobs deemed appt. Overall lab participation had gone from approx 19% of women to 25.8% by 1940
Religion
Culture Wars
1989: Webster vs Reproductive Health Services = States can deny public funding for abortion and prohibit the use of public hospitals
Bowers vs Harwdwick, 1986 - upheld Georgie Law against sodomy