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PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING (GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (OBSTACLE (…
PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING
STRATEGIES IN PROBLEM SOLVING
:explode:sub-divide the problem into smaller sub-problem
:explode:refer to the people who have successfully solved similar problem
:explode:if stuck, forget it for a while and come back when have an idea
:boy::skin-tone-2:according to WALLAS have four stage for problem solving
:check:preparation
:check:incubation
:check:illumination
:check:verification
PROBLEM SOLVING TOOLS
:black_flag:
swot analysis
strength
weaknesses
opportunities
threats
:black_flag:
McKinsey 7-S
shared values
systems
staffs
structure
style
strategy
skills
:black_flag:
PESTEL
political factors
economic factors
social factors
technological factors
ecological factors
legal factors
:black_flag:
ishikawa/fishbone/cause and effect diagram
the 7 M's (man, machine, material, method, measurement, maintenance, minutes)
the 8 P's (price, promotion, people, process, place/plant, policies, procedure and product)
the 4 S's (surrounding, suppliers, system and skills)
:black_flag:
PARETO analysis
separate the major causes of the problem from the minor one
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
OBSTACLE
:slightly_smiling_face:unclear objective
:slightly_smiling_face:blurred responsibility
:slightly_smiling_face:status
people with higher status may influence in manipulating ideas and information
:slightly_smiling_face:expertise
-only concentrate on the specialist areas, ignore the areas they know little about
:slightly_smiling_face:time constraints
:slightly_smiling_face:self-censorship
group member avoid speaking up against the majority for fear of being ridiculed or don't want to waste group's time
:slightly_smiling_face:pressure on dissenters
insist on dissenting are branded as a nuisance or rebel. their loyalty is questioned
ADVANTAGE
:purple_heart:provide better solution
:purple_heart:help ensure a broader search effort
:purple_heart:lead a better understanding of the decision
:purple_heart:risk is balance
:purple_heart:better collective judgement
PROBLEM SOLVING STEPS
EUREKA STEPS
:zap:preparation
:zap:incubation
leave the problem aside if can't find a solution
:zap:illumination
sudden idea
:zap:verification
implement the idea to make sure it is valid and it will solve the problem
SEVEN STEPS
:eyeglasses:identify the problem
:eyeglasses:analyze problem
5 W + 1 H
:eyeglasses:identifying possible solution
:eyeglasses:evaluating possible solution
:eyeglasses:selecting best solution
:eyeglasses:implement the solution
:eyeglasses:evaluate the solution
RATIONAL DECISION MAKING
:pushpin:define the problem
:pushpin:set goals
:pushpin:search for alternative solution
:pushpin:compared and evaluate alternative solution
:pushpin:make a selection
:pushpin:implement the solution
:pushpin:regulatory and action
DECISION MAKING STRUCTURE
:reminder_ribbon:programmed decision
repetitive
readily available
short
procedure, rules and polices
structured
lower level
:reminder_ribbon:non-programmed decision
new, unusual
ambiguous or incomplete
relatively long
judgment and creatively
unstructured
upper level
decision making condition
:silhouette:certainty
:silhouette:risk
:silhouette:uncertainty
type of decision maker
:unicorn_face: directive
minimal info & few alternative
:unicorn_face: analytic
careful decision
:unicorn_face:conceptual
consider many alternative
:unicorn_face:behavioral
avoid conflict
EFFECTIVE DECISION MAKING
characteristic
:no_entry:focus
:no_entry:logic and consistent
:no_entry:objective thinking
:no_entry:boosts as much info
:no_entry:gathering relevant info
:no_entry:simple, reliable, easy to use and flexible
technique to improve
:musical_note:brainstorming
:musical_note:nominal group technique (NGT)
:musical_note:delphi technique
based on question
:musical_note:consensus mapping technique
based on report
PROB SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING IN ISLAM
:lock:belief in Allah
:lock:attribute the prob to Allah
:lock:have good thoughts about Allah
:lock:between fear and hope
STEP IN PROBLEM SOLVING
:star:step 1:
problem identification
:star:step 2:
problem definition
:star:step 3:
finding a solution
:star:step 4:
action
:star:step 5:
evaluation of the success of action