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Socials 9 (Development of Canada (Rebellions (Lower Canada Rebellion…

- - - - Causes
        
        potato blight in Ireland
        
        main source of food gone
        
        starvation
        
        diseases such as typhus
        
        financial devastation
      - Obstacles
        
        crowded ships
        
        unhygienic conditions
        
        rampant diseases
        
        no money
      - Treament
        
        discriminated against
        
        "No Irish Need Apply"
        
        could not get jobs
        
        many of the Canadians were very racist
  - - - problems
        
        Family Compact
        
        dominated government
        
        used power for themselves
        
        clergy and crown reserves
        
        American settlers did not have privileges
        
        economic depression
      - William Lyon Mackenzie
        
        radical
        
        first mayor of Toronto
        
        constitution for Upper Canada
        
        Battle of Montgomery's Tavern: lose
        
        raided from across the border in US
        
        ended unsuccessfully
    - - Themes
        
        French Nationalism
        
        English-speaking minority had most power
        
        opposed British rule
        
        wanted to preserve their culture
        
        felt threatened by English-speaking immigrants
        
        thought the British were trying to kill them off
        
        Undemocratic government
        
        high taxes
        
        for government salaries
        
        government did not represent them
        
        Legislative Assembly had no power
        
        oligarchy
        
        economic problems
        
        failing agriculture
        
        population increased
        
        availability of farmland decreasef
        
        crops began to fail
        
        had to import wheat from Upper Canada: debt
      - Groups of people
        
        the Canadiens
        
        French speaking majority
        
        settled during fur trade, maintained culture
        
        Chateau Clique
        
        wealthy British settlers
        
        including some wealthy French landowners
        
        supported by the church
        
        the immigrants
        
        English-speaking migrants
      - Timeline
        
        1832: Reformers split into Moderate and radical (Patriotes)
        
        Papineau
        
        leader of the Patriotes
        
        wanted
        
        responsible government
        
        92 resolutions - a list of grievances
        
        wanted same privileges as British government
        
        seigneur and lawyer
        
        1837: British colonial secretary - 10 Resolutions
        
        denied rights of Assembly
        
        rejected responsible government
        
        acknowledged need for French support
        
        First Rebellion
        
        British gov dispatched troops to Lower Canada
        
        Fils de la liberte
        
        French Canadians were openly disobedient
        
        Battle of St. Denis: win
        
        Battle of St. Charles: lose
        
        British captured St. Eustache
        
        Second Rebellion
        
        early November 1938
        
        put down within a week
    - - Northwest Rebellion
        
        1885: Revolutionary Bill of Rights
        
        formed provisional government :
        
        Battle of Duck Lake: successful, did not pursue
        
        Canada mobilized troops
        
        Battle of Fish Creek: Metis held their ground
        
        Battle of Batoche: rebels out of ammunition, defeated
        
        Louis Riel hung
      - Red River Rebellion
        
        land transferred to Canada as if no one lived there
        
        ignored by surveyors
        
        National Metis Committee
        
        formed by Louis Riel
        
        William McDougall appointed Lieutenant-Governor
        
        ignored the NMC
        
        NMC seized Upper Fort Gary
        
        formed a provisional government
        
        maintain order
        
        provide negotiation power
        
        McDougall proclaimed himself governor
        
        fled to the US
        
        this caused power to be transferred to the provisional government
        
        NMC arrested members of Orange Party and imprisoned them in Fort Gary
        
        both agreed to send reps to Ottawa
        
        escaped prisoners returned to save others: Thomas Scott shot
        
        Feb 1870: creation of Manitoba
        
        Riel fled to US
        
        200,000 hetares set aside for Metis
        
        current land claims ignored
  - - - Canadian Pacific Railway
      - independence from Britain
      - united military
      - less threat from US
      - responsible government
    - - heavy taxes
      - lack of representatino for smaller provinces
      - some provinces will not benefit from the railway
      - would have to learn to communicate in French
      - risk of losing French culture
  - - - Bison Hunts
        
        pemmican
        
        community affair
        
        community
        
        pride
        
        discipline
        
        used all of the bison
      - Hudson's Bay Company
        
        fur traders went to their factories
        
        used York boats
        
        interested in Beaver pelts
      - Northwest Company
        
        explored inland
        
        used canoes - not as effective
        
        better relationships with First Nations
  - - - fur traders and First Nations women
      - not fully European or First Nations
    - - First Nations Treaties
      - Indians' Act
- - - - Loyalists
        
        Farms burned by patriots
        
        slaved
        
        Killed
        
        Fled
        
        Québec, Nova Scotia, and St. John (PEI) where they were offered farmland
        
        between 100,000 to 80,000
        
        Brought as many slaves as possible
        
        3000 slaves went to Nova Scotia
        
        English promised slaves freedom if stayed loyal
        
        left after war
        
        soldiers, cooks, nurses, or sold back to slavery
      - First Nations
        
        Remained Neutral
        
        Joseph Brant, a leader of the Mohawk Nation
        
        helped England
        
        weren't included in treaty
        
        felt betrayed
      - Canada
        
        Split Canada into two
        
        Upper Canada
        
        Lower Canada
        
        granted government systems
    - - First Continental Congress
        
        1st - 1765
        
        Declaration of Rights and Grievances
        
        2nd - 1774
        
        Declaration of Independence (mostly written by T. Jerfferson
        
        War ended after 7 years
        
        Major players
        
        George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry
      - War
        
        First Shots - Lexington, Boston in 1774
        
        77 untrained soldiers against 700 British soldiers (confiscating hidden weapons)
        
        Colonists won
        
        George Washington was named the general commander of the Continental Army and the Commander in Chief.
        
        1778 - France threw in Help
        
        after winning Battle of Saratoga
        
        With French help won - 1781 Battle of Yorktown
        
        British surrender the Ports of Savannah and Charleston
        
        Gave up last stronghold - NYC
        
        Treaty of Paris on Sept. 3rd, 1783
        
        Became USA
        
        Attacked Québec - Failed
        
        Canadians stayed loyal
      - Enlightened Thinkers
        
        Thomas Paine
        
        Pamphlet - Common Sense
    - - Boston Tea Party
        
        Rebellion - Son of Liberty
        
        Samuel Adams
        
        dressed up as First Nations
        
        Destroyed 3 British Ships
        
        90 thousand pounds of tea into the ocean which would be worth 1 million
        
        Coercive Act
        
        Passed to punish Colonists
      - Taxes (In debt after 7 years war thought Americans should pay back)
        
        Sugar Act (1764)
        
        Ensure no Smuggling of sugar and molasses
        
        3 pennies per gallon (really high
        
        repealed and replaced with Revenue Act
        
        Stamp Act (1765)
        
        Fee for service
        
        Documents, cards, wills, newspaper, pamphlets
        
        Repealed in 1766
        
        Townshend Act
        
        paper, glass, paint, and tea
        
        Caused Boston Massacre
        
        5 dead
  - - - The Beginning (1787-1791)
        
        1787
        
        February: calls on Estates-General to discuss taxes
        
        May 5th: Estates-General meet
        
        3rd Estate: taxes for nobility and fairer voting
        
        June: Third Estate --> Tennis Court Oath --> National Assembly
        
        July 14: peasants stormed Bastille
        
        Great Fear of 1789
        
        abolishment of feudalism
        
        August 4: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
        
        more than half of males can vote
        
        nationalized Church lands
        
        elected judges
        
        king and Assembly shared power
        
        1791
        
        June 20: escape attempt by the king
        
        arrested and brought back
        
        September 3: adopted constitution
        
        Legislative Assembly took over September 29
      - Terror and Revolt (1792-1794)
        
        1792
        
        April: Legislative Assembly declared war on Prussia and Austria
        
        August 10: arrested the king
        
        Legislative Assembly --> National Convention
        
        abolition of monarchy
        
        eradication of Christianity
        
        1793
        
        January 13: Louis XVI guillotined
        
        June: Reign of Terror began
        
        10 months
        
        40,000 died
        
        Robespierre
        
        head of Committee of Public Safety
        
        directed Reign of Terror
        
        executed in 1784
    - - Political
        
        unified and increased power of the national state
        
        precedent for democracy
      - Social
        
        emergence of the middle class
        
        increased feeling of French nationalism
      - Napoleon
        
        Code of Napoleon
        
        fairer legal system
        
        greater impact on lives of peasants
    - - Verge of Bankruptcy
        
        extravagant spending by Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette
        
        involvement in the American Revolution
      - 20 years of drought
        
        poor harvests
        
        high bread prices
      - ineffective leadership
        
        Louis XVI wanted to be a strong leader
        
        was shy and had a "weak" personality
        
        good intentions; unsuccessful results
      - high taxes
        
        Roman Catholic Church
        
        none for nobility
      - unfairness in social classes
        
        1st and 2nd Estates had privileges
        
        exploited the commoners
      - Enlightenment
        
        admired the United States
        
        freedom of religion
  - - - King Charles and Royalists
        
        Marches on Parliament
        
        Surrender at Oxford
        
        King tries to escape
        
        King tries to bring in Ireland and Scotland on his side
        
        Will not listen to parliament
        
        executed and son flees to France
      - Parliament make documents to try to help change the kings
        
        Petition of Rights
        
        Grand Remonstrance
        
        King is ignoring parliament
        
        Asking for money
    - - Dismisses Parliament
        
        Asks for money only
  - - - Capitalists
        
        Capitalist: a person with money (capital) to invest
        
        People willing to invest money into factories and transportations to make profit
        
        law benefited capitalists
        
        Non-Anglicans were barred from government
        
        other religions focused more on businesses
        
        less restrictions on businesses
        
        Growth of middle class
        
        Capitalist benefited the most
      - Less adult workers need - anyone can do job
        
        child labour
    - - Labour
        
        Agriculture developed
        
        needed less farmers
        
        improved quality and quantity of food
        
        People migrated
        
        Went to cities to work in factories
        
        Population spiked up
      - Government
        
        Pushed forwards laws that allowed businesses flourish
        
        Rich had power
        
        Laissez-vous Government
    - - Wood is not sustainable
        
        Not good for mass production
      - Coal
        
        accessible (lots in England)
        
        Replaces wood as source of heat and energy
        
        "fuel" of the revolution
      - Iron
        
        Worked to make all aspects of machinery
        
        "structure" of the revolution
        
        makes all kinds of machines
      - Coal makes Iron
        
        Cast Iron
        
        depends on each other
        
        Most important part of the revolution
    - - Textile Industries
        
        Heart of the revolution
        
        Flying shuttle
        
        John Kay
        
        Mechanism to allow weft (horizontal) to go back and forth through warp (vertical)
        
        Spinning Jenny
        
        James Hargreaves
        
        Allows more thread to be made
        
        “The new spinning wheel”
        
        Able to produce more cotton
        
        Spinning Mule
        
        Samuel Crompton
        
        “The new Spinning Jenny”
        
        Really loud
        
        Water Frame
        
        Richard Arkwright
        
        Simple machine
        
        Used for creating thread
        
        Water powers this machine
    - - Advanctages
        
        Able to Stay home
        
        More Control
        
        Can be anyone (participate)
        
        improved relationships between cottages
        
        More tolerance between workers and collectors
      - Disadvantages
        
        Can't keep up with factories
        
        split profit
        
        No quality Control
    - - Newcomen's Steam Engine
        
        Pump water out of coal mines
      - Watt's Steam Engine
        
        Improved Version
        
        Move gears in machineries in the factories by compressing steam to power turbine
- - - - Warlike farmers
      - From Scandinavia
      - Colonized Iceland and Greenland Continues to search for better land
      - Leif Erikson
        
        Vinland - don't know real location
        
        Evidence found in Newfoundland
      - poor relationships with First Nations and Inuits
        
        Vikings got kicked out of Newfoundland in a few years
    - - New Route to Asia
        
        Past Greenland, Iceland, to China
      - For England
        
        Henry VII - sponser
        
        Letters Patent
      - Matthew - 18 crew members
        
        Hit Newfoundland - Claimed for England
      - Found Lots of cod
        
        Became Staple in England
        
        Caused explosions of fishing
        
        Good relationships with First Nations - Some got kidnapped due to curiosity
    - - Route to Asia
      - France
      - Into Gulf of St. Lawerence
      - First Nations - Haudenosaunee
        
        Claimed "new" land for France anyways
        
        Kidnapped Chiefs son back to France - either tricked or by force
        
        First Nations he brought learnt French told him about magic kingdoms back home
        
        Went back to explore used them as guides
        
        Stadacona - Present day Québec
        
        Cartier was told to stay in Stadacona
        
        kept going further despite instructions
        
        welcomed but refused to eat first nations food
        
        Got saved by First Nations in harsh winter
        
        Kidnaped more First Nations
        
        The First Nations never came back
      - 3rd Expedition
        
        Established Colony Named "Canada"
        
        Roberval
        
        Cartier left against orders with "Gold and Diamond"
        
        Turns out it was worthless minerals
        
        Started Fur trade (French and First Nations)
    - - Started colony
        
        Port Royale
        
        Not Successful - disbanded
        
        Allowed to stay as long as they don't trade
        
        Moved Inland
        
        Became skillful farmers
        
        First successful French Colony of Acadia
      - 1574-1635
      - hired by French Nobel De Mont
        
        Given Monopoly by Henry IV of France
      - Wanted to make a fortune
      - Found new spot named Québec
        
        Allies with Algonquins and Innus against Haudenosaunee
        
        Helped Algonquins win against Haudenosaunee
      - Traded with Wendats
        
        Sent out Coureurs de Bois
        
        Live, trade, and traveled with First Nations
      - Québec didn't flourish
        
        Too expensive to expand
        
        Christian missionary were not welcomed by the First Nations
        
        English Attacked and First Nations didn't want to help
        
        English destroyed habitation but colony lasted
  - - - Mercantilism
    - - 3 levels of "government"
        
        Governor
        
        Bishop
        
        Indentant
    - - Girls from France came to marry soldiers
      - King paid for dowry
      - to increase population
    - - land is granted to rich or with influence
      - have control like feudalism
      - strips of land all has water access
    - - Spread Christianity (society of Jesus)
      - spread diseases
    - - Loved and hated
  - - - Huron (Wendat)
        
        Confederation of 5 nations
        
        Major rivals of the Haudenosaunees
      - Iroquois (Haudenosaunee)
        
        Confederacy of 5 nations
        
        Farmed in villages
        
        "3 sister" - corn, beans, squash
        
        Matrilineal Community
        
        Visitors were welcomed
        
        Government - Grande Council
        
        Similar to Canadian Parliament
        
        Wampum Belt
        
        belt that recorded historical events and treaties
      - Gatekeepers of Canada during Fur trade
      - Major Rivals
    - - Algonquian
        
        Hunting, fishing, gathering
        
        Villages but traveled a lot
        
        Rivals with Haudenosaunee
        
        Believed in Kitchie Manitou
        
        Patrilineal
        
        Clans - animals
        
        Can't marry same clan
        
        Local Confederate Groups
        
        All have to say before leader makes decision
        
        Major role in fur trade