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Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Attitudes to empire-…
Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Attitudes to empire- the role and influence of individuals
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Colonial administration
1890-1914: Viceroy of India- Lord Curzon, Consul-General of Egypt- Evelyn Baring and Britain’s High Commissioner for South Africa (1897)- Sir Alfred Milner
Viceroy Curzon
Oversaw re-arming of native regiments
Expansion of provincial police
Promotion of scientific/ medical education
Construction further 6,000 miles railway track to consolidate British control India
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Established: commissions/ legislation improve Indian administrations/ agriculture
Provision for famine relief/ irrigation projects
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Moral imperial duty: ‘the hand of Divine Providence behind the creation and expansion of an empire which is a supreme force for good in the world’
Wary of Indian responsibility: low opinion abilities of Indians
Hindu: distrusted by Muslim community
Bengali: difficult assert himself outside Bengal
Indian: lacked Englishman’s authority/ self-confidence
1901: wary of Russian expansion created North-West Frontier Province to dispatch military expedition into Tibet
Refuse appoint senior posts- fear unequal to emergencies ‘rather incline to abdicate or to run away’
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Evelyn Baring
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Egypt battleground between civilised Christianity/ Islam
Islam- outdated Arabian customs detrimental to modern Egypt
Concerned with Islamic society’s acceptance of slavery/ antiquated justice system/ treatment of women
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Budget, irrigation projects helped bring economic prosperity
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Egyptian army untrustworthy: previous mutinies, disbanded new army organised
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British officials in key ministries
Created veiled protectorate- British officials held power
Controlled Egypt until 1907
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Long occupation Egypt essential: ‘Granville Doctrine’- allowed Baring dismiss Egyptian ministers refused accept British directives
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‘The code of Christian morality is the only sure foundation on which the whole of our vast Imperial fabric can be built if it is to be durable’
1907: Baring awarded £50,000 for ‘eminent services’ in Egypt
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Alfred Milner
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Feb 1898: Kruger re-elected President Transvaal- ‘there is no way out of the political troubles of South Africa except reform in Transvaal, or war’
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1901: Britain annexed former Boer territories of Orange Free State/ Transvaal
Milner resigned as Governor General of Cape- took administration in areas
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High Commissioner: 31 May 1902 negotiated Peace of Vereeniging
1901: made baron with Lord Kitchener
1902: made viscount for services
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‘Milner’s Kindergarten’- young administrators/ lawyers
Resettle Boers
Promote economic growth in gold-mining industry
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Attract British settlers and introduce English language education programme to anglicise area
British residents left- years of depression following Boer War
Milner/ British government use Chinese labourers (‘coolies’) on 3 year contracts for shortage of workers in gold-mining industry
June 1904: Chinese reach Rand BUT public opinion outraged learn ‘coolies’ badly treated/ flogged in breach of law
March 1906: censure Milner backfired produced counter-campaign led by Sir Bartle Frere (high appreciation Milner in Africa)
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