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(Schizophrenia (Symptoms (Positive (Delusions, hallucinations, thought…

- - - - Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders
    - - Apathy, lack of emotion, anhedonia, associality
    - - attention, learning/memory, problem solving, abstract thinking
  - - - Heston (1966):
        • Followed people born in a state mental health hospital to women with schizophrenia
        • Separated from mother at birth
        • 50 control children
        • 16.6% of children who’s mother had schizophrenia were also diagnosed with schizophrenia; none of the control children did
  - - - Positive symptoms are reduced by Antipsychotic drugs
        Antipsychotic drugs reduce levels of dopamine
        Side effects of these drugs: similar to Parkinsons
        
        Parkinsons is caused by low levels of dopamine
        
        Amphetamines results in paranoid schizophrenic symptoms
        
        cause dopamine and norepinephrine release and prevents breakdown
      - currently:
        
        ¥ The levels of the dopamine metabolite, HVA, is not increased in patients with schizophrenia
        ¥ Increased number of dopamine receptors or increased sensitivity of receptors
        ¥ Confirmed using autopsy and PET scan
        ¥ Molecules of antipsychotic drugs have a similar structure to dopamine and block D2 receptors
        ¥ We refer to these types of antipsychotic drugs as:
        a) GABA receptor antagonists
        b) Dopamine receptor agonists
        c) Dopamine receptor antagonists
        d) Serotonin receptor agonists
        ¥ Mesolimibic pathway associated with positive symptoms
        ¥ The location of this pathway can be referred to as:
        a) Ventral, medial
        b) Inferior, lateral
        c) Ventral, lateral
        d) Dorsal, medial