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VPH L2 Animal disease control Major zoo diseases (Preventative measures,…
VPH
L2
Animal disease control
Major zoo diseases
Definitions
Notifiable diseases
: must be reported to APHA is suspected/diagnosed
Classed due to economic/ zoonotic importance
Controlling notifiable diseases
Methods to tackle control
Control further spread
e.g TB, blutongue
For endemic diseases
Stamp out/ eradicate
e.g FMD, AI, Classical swine fever
For exotic, new or dormant diseases
Will need to decide on what to achieve, how to control and feedback mechanisms to re-evaluate
Prevent, investigate suspicions, eliminate if confirmed, restock and check testing 'exit strategy'
Factors to consider
Population, Hazard, Risk, Perception, Proportionate controls, logistics
Organisations in Statutory disease control
DEFRA, APHA, OV, Local authority, FSA, PHA, police
Industry self regulation
Health schemes- subsidise research and diagnostic tests
Industry codes of practice
Industry contingency plans for management and elimination
'Price of freedom is eternal vigilance'
Disease profile and pathway model
Critical control points
Vaccination
limited value
logistical challenge to get timely implementation
may limit spread of disease but hides infection
Uncertain when deciding when to stop vaccinating and what to do with vaccinated animals
Loss of commercial value of vaccinated animals (cant sell)
Can be useful to delay disease with culling afterwards
is effective in blutongue (vector mediated) and rabies control
biosecurity, carcass management
movement restrictions
test and cull
Relative herd immunity
Proportion infected/ susceptible/ immune
Host contact rate
Type: e.g. discharge, contact, contamination
amount: inter/intra species, movement, husbandry
Host infectivity
Infected vs infectious
Species,
Major notifiable diseases- see related notes
FMD
Control: Eradicate w/ safe disposal
Classical/ african swine fever
Control: Eradicate, safe disposal
Blutongue
Control: Vaccination
Avian Influenza
Control: Eradicate, safe disposal
Bovine TB
Control: complex, endemic
Preventative measures
Know where animals are, define the herd (registration)
know type and health status of herd, must update
Biosecurity: Livestock transport, cleansing and disinfection
Herd standstill when moved, except at slaughter (or if approved pigs mooveing to lower health herds
Animal gathering and market condition licensing-remove Xcontamination
Control of animal by products
no live animal movements off slaughter house
Targeted and passive surveillance (anti/post mortem)
The Pig breeding pyramid
most biosecure at the top, cascading down in breeding to normal finisher herds
What to do if suspect ND
Official vet enquiry- have powers of entry, restraint, inspect, seize and mark animals, take diagnostic samples. Herd restrictions and strict bio-security until lab results available
Legal duty, report suspicion and test to see whether is the case
Reporting the disease
High incidence or prevalence of mortality/morbidity/infertility
significant zoonosis
signs like haemorrhage, vesicular, multiple swellings, neuro
If in doubt, consult and test before leaving premises
Temporary control zone (TCZ) with enhanced biosecurity & movement restrictions around suspect premises
Gather info to identify source and spread tracings
Restrict dangerous contacts, controversial
Confirmed Exotic disease
1) Infected premises legal status
valuation of healthy animals for slaughter and compensation
disposal
Carcass hazard
wildlife access= spread
Recycling in chain
environmental contamination (anthrax)
Categorise risk
High=notifiable disease restricted carcass
Medium- died on farm (could be infected)
Low: Slaughtered healthy, fit for human consumption (infection unlikely)
Carcass management
Offsite
Animal by-product (low/med risk)
Approved transport, carriage enclosed, leak proof, record, labelled
Approved treatment- incineration, rendering, processes that prevent cross-contamination
High risk off site
like low/med
+supervised/licensed
+impact protection containment and dedicated handling then C+D
Onsite
High risk
Hazardous waste, pretreat prior to offsite disposal
farm incineration and then carriage of dangerous materials
can get portable incinerators for high risk e.g. Anthrax
Pre-lim cleansing and disinfection, restrict access
2) TCZ converted to
inner protection zone w/ movement restrictions
outer surveillance zone- test before move
Enhanced biosecurity - blue box'
3) Patrol to identify any unknown premises in PZ
4) Restocking and sentinel retest after period from final disinfection
5) Specified treatments (from APHA)
for waste water, manure etc
To get disease free status
no further confirmed cases
Clear surveillance testing program completed
Final cleansing and disinfection carried out satisfactorily on all farms (owner responsible, takes a while)
Specified time period post final C&D or last confirmed case
Endemic disease control
When?
If increasing incidence/ prevalence eg TB
Low incidence and high prevalence eg Salmonella
low incidence, low prevalence and eradication may be possible e.g. brucellosis/ aujeszkys
See TB control for more
