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Chemistry (The particle model (All materials are made up of particles.…
Chemistry
The particle model
All materials are made up of particles. Particles with only one type of particle are known as substances like iron whereas other materials ,like wood, are known as mixtures as they have different types of particles inside them. Properties of a substance depend on what they're like, how the particles move around and how they are arranged.
The three states of matter are known as solids, liquids and gases. In solids the particles touch each other and are in a pattern. In liquids, the particles are touching together but the bonds are weak so they slide on top of each other . In gases all the particles are spread out and they can flow around
Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. Freezing is the change from a liquid to a solid. When a solid melts the particles begin to vibrate and the particles break free of the bonds and the particles leave their place in the pattern. When freezing the particles transfer energy to its surroundings and they start to vibrate on the spot and they then start to form into an arrangement then freeze completely. The difference between a substance and a mixture is that substances have sharp melting point, This means substances melt at a certain temperature where as mixtures vary melting points.
Boiling is when a liquid bubble vigorously. When water boils, bubbles rise to the surface because the steam in the bubble is light and it floats upwards. Scientists think that boiling liquids can conserve mass. Different substances have different boiling points like water as it has a boiling point of 100ºc.
There are more changes of state too. Evaporation is when particles leave the liquid surface. Evaporation can happen at any temperature. Hairdryers help evaporation as it helps the particles leave the liquid surface and it blows off any evaporated particles. Condesation is the change from gas to liquid. An example is on a shower door when there is steam and you see droplets of water falling down. Sublimation is the change of solid to gas. It's like putting an ice cube in a cup of lava.
Diffusion is the random moving and mixing of particles. Three factors affect diffusion speed. They are... size of the particles, the temperature and the state of the substance Temperature affects diffusion as heat transfers energy to the particles and they make the particles move faster and farer. Smaller particles diffuse with other particles more quickly and if it's in a gas state it will diffuse more quickly as the particles are more spread out and they can move more freely.
Gas pressure is the force of gas particles exerted on the inside of a container. With balloons, the more you blow it up, the more gas particles are inside and there is a huger force as the gas particles are colliding with each other even more. In racing car tyres, mechanics pump the tyres low as the gas pressure increases during the race due to the heat transferring energy to the particles and making them go faster and collide with each other more harder, therefore exerting a higher force. A bottle collapses in a freezer because the particles in the bottle transfer energy to the surroundings.The force is greater on the outside than the inside therefore making it implode.
Atoms
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One atom does not have the properties of its element. Loads of atoms have the properties of its element
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Gas tests
The test for oxygen is to get a glowing splint and put it in the test tube, if it relights there is oxygen