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Chemistry (Unit 1 (Chapter 3 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and…

- - - - in everyday life
        
        involved in diverse activities
    - - used to solve everyday problems
    - - must know vocabulary and solve problems well
  - - - stuff in universe
        
        made up of elements and compounds
        
        all made from atoms
        
        states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
    - - have physical and chemical properties
        
        physical property - properties such as height, width, etc. that deal with measurements
        
        chemical property - ability to form new substance
        
        physical change - change in state and not chemical identity
        
        chemical change - change in substance, may also be in state
    - - mixture - something that has variable composition
        
        two types - homogeneous and heterogeneous
        
        heterogeneous - contains regions that have different properties
        
        homogeneous - same throughout, also called solution
        
        separation of mixtures - called distillation
      - Air - is a mixture
      - pure substance - always has same composition
  - - - elements - make up life today
      - have names and symbols
        
        Oxygen symbol - O
      - list found in Periodic Table
    - - Dalton's atomic theory - all materials are mixtures of pure substances
      - Elements - made of tiny particles called atoms
      - compounds - have different structure and composed of atoms of two or more elements
    - - parts of atom - proton(+),electron(-), and neutron(neutral)
      - found in different experiments and models done by scientists
    - - chart that tracks elements
      - puts them into groups of similar chemical properties
      - atomic number = the number of protons in atom
      - different types of elements - nonmetals, metalloids, etc.
      - are in natural states i.g. solid, liquid, and gas
    - - a charged entity of an atom (+ or -)
      - Cation = +
      - Anion = -
  - - - type one binary ionic compounds - metal forms one type of cation
        
        Cation first, then anion second
        
        simple cation (obtained from a single atom) takes name from element.
        
        a simple anion - named by taking the first part of the element name and adding -ide
        
        example of ionic compound: NaCl = Sodium Chloride
      - type 2 binary ionic compounds - metal forms two or more cations with different charges
        
        Group 1 and 2 metals - all in type one
        
        Transition metals - almost all in type 2
        
        Roman numeral - tells charge of ion
        
        metals that form one cation - do not need to be identified by a Roman numeral
      - type 3 binary ionic compounds - ones that only contain nonmetals
        
        first element - full name
        
        second element - named as if anion
        
        prefixes - denote number of atoms present
        
        mono - never used as a prefix
    - - Polyatomic ions - have charged entities
        
        several atoms bound together
        
        have special names
        
        must be memorized
      - Naming polyatomic ions has similar rules to naming binary compounds
      - Name of acid - depends on whether compound contains oxygen or not
  - - - Scientific Notation - expresses a number as a product of a number between 1 and 10 and the appropriate power of ten
        
        example: 1.2 x 10^5 = 120000
        
        decimal moved to right when negative, to the left if positive
        
        power of ten - depends on number of places decimal moves
      - Units - tell us what scale or standard is being used to measure something
        
        English System - used in America
        
        inches, yards, feet, miles, ounces, etc.
        
        Metric System - used across world
        
        meter, centimeter, grams, kilometer, etc.
        
        Si units - based on Metric system
        
        1 inch = 2.54 cm
    - - measurements - always have some degree of uncertainty
        
        use significant figures
        
        Rules = nonzero counts, leading zero's don't count, captive do, trailing don't
        
        exact numbers limited because of long decimals
    - - conversion between units - 10's, 100's, etc.
      - Always take moment to make sure answer is correct
        
        check it over and do it over if not right