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Biology Notes (1) (Particle Movement (Osmosis (Factors that effect Osmosis…

- - - - The distance the substance needs to travel
      - The size of the area the fluid is passing through- the bigger the area the faster the diffusion
      - The difference in concentration of the area of high concentration (the source) and the area of low concentration (the sink)
      - The temperature - as their is more kinetic energy with the increased heat, the molecules move quicker therefore diffusing faster
- - - - They contain valves and movement of the blood inside of them is driven by muscle contractions by limbs pushing blood back to the heart.
    - - Arteries have higher pressure than veins, with thicker and more elastic walls with smaller lumen (holes)
    - - Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick which give a short diffusion distance
  - - - Adaptations for functions
        
        Biconcave discs for a larger surface area
        
        Has a thin membrane for quicker diffusion
        
        No nucleus to pack more hemoglobin into it
    - - Phagosytes
      - Lymphocytes
    - - Dead cell fragments used to clot blood to prevent infection and to prevent to much loss of blood.
- - - - White blood cells
        
        phagocytes
        
        engulfs the pathogen and breaks it down with enzymes
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        release anti-bodies that bind to antigens on the pathogen
        
        Memory cells
  - - - Arteries have higher pressure than veins. Arteries have thicker muscular and elastic walls, and a smaller lumen (holes than veins.
    - - Have walls that are one cell thick which
        give a short distance for diffusion.
    - - Contain valves and movement of blood is often driven by muscle contractions by limbs pushing blood back to the heart.
- - - - Cells do not function on their own. They are arranged into series of ordered structures. Cells grouped with a similar function are called a tissue.
    - - Organs are made up of several tissues carrying out a specific function. Examples of organs are heart, lungs, a leaf, a stem, a root, a flower, the brain etc.
    - - Organ systems are a collection of organs working together to carry out a life process e.g. the circulatory system for respiration.