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Blood Circulation & Transport (importance of circulation (capillaries,…
Blood Circulation & Transport
importance of circulation
provide
rapid
mass transport/distance
when the diffusion is inadequate/slow
helps body transport
heat & transmit force
transport
oxygen
&
nutrients
to the cells
picks up
wastes
& excrete from body
via lungs & kidneys
capillaries
all living organisms have this in their circulation
smallest blood vessel
gas exchange &
nutrient-for-waste
exchange occur here
COMPARISON
VERTEBRATE
ALL vetebrates :check:
CLOSED
circulatory system
Single loop
Double loop
2
atria
, 1
ventricle
e.g. amphibians & most reptiles
2
atria
, 2
ventricles
e.g. avian,mammals & some reptiles
INVERTEBRATE
X
have circulatory system
have
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
i.e. Cnidarians (hydra), Planarians (flatworms)
:check: open circulatory system :check: closed circulatory system
CS in
INVERTEBRATES
OPEN cs
found in arthropods & molluscs
circulatory fluid:
haemolymph
haemolymph- a mix of blood & tissue fluid that flows into body cavity
CLOSED cs
found in annelids (earthworm)
circulatory fluid:
blood
rhythmic pulsatile movements of the heart, pump & circulate the blood in the body
Closed CS in all
VERTEBRATE
2 pathways
single loop
:<3: only pumps blood to gills
two circuit
systemic circuit
:<3: pumps blood to all part of the body
EXCEPT for the
lungs
pulmonary circuit
:<3: pumps blood to the lungs
mammalian cardiovascular system
the heart
consist of
heart (cardio)
have 4 chambers
each sides has 2 chambers
UPPER:
thin-walled
are atria
LOWER:
thick walled
are ventricles
system of blood vessel (vascular)
septum
RIGHT SIDE and LEFT SIDE of :<3:
RS: pumps O2-poor blood to
lungs
LS: pumps O2-rich blood to
tissues
heart valves
CARDIAC CYCLE: heartbeat
70x/min
can be divided into
3 phases
:
atria contract
(ventricles relax)
ventricles contract
(atria relax)
all chambers
rest
systole
contraction of the :<3: chambers
diastole
relaxation of :<3: chambers
Pulse
wave effect that passes down walls of arterial blood vessels following ventricular systole
Rhythmic contraction of :<3:
due to
cardiac conduction system
SA (sinoatrial) node initiates heartbeat, called
pacemaker
electrocardiogram (ECG)
record electrical changes tht occur in heart during a cardiac cycle
Blood
vessels
ARTERY
carry blood AWAY from :<3:
thicker walls w/ elastic tissue
can expand
smaller arteries branch into
arterioles
CAPILLARIES
allows exchange of material w/
tissues
extremely narrow
have thin walls composed of single layer of epithelium
thin walls
facilitate capillary exchange
VEINS
RETURN
blood from
capillaries
to
heart
Venules
(small veins)
drain blood from capillaries
then join to form a vein
often have valves
Cardiovascular disease
stroke
: when small
cranial arteriole
burst @ blocked by embolus
heart attack
:
coronary artery
is completely blocked, die lacks of O2
Atherosclerosis
:
plaque
protrudes the lumen of a vessel & interferes blood flow
thrombus- when the clot is stationary embolus-when it moves along blood
plaque = (fat + cholesterol crystals)
PATH OF BLOOD FLOW
pulmonary circuit
collects all O2-poor blood and put in R. atrium
then pass into R. ventricle
to be pumped into the
pulmonary trunk
P.trunk - divides R & L pulmonary arteries
blood are carried to the lungs
CO2 is given off and O2 is picked up
O2-rich blood returns to L.atrium through
pulmonary veins
systemic circuit
AORTA
&
vena cava
are the major blood vessels
L.ventricle -> Aorta -> branch of aorta -> organ -> return vena cava -> R.Atrium
hepatic portal system
begin and end in capillaries
takes blood from the
intestines
to the
liver
Blood pressure (bp)
reading consists of systolic & diastolic pressures
Systolic pressure
get this from blood being forced into the arteries during
ventricular systole
Diastolic pressure
pressure in the arteries during
ventricular diastole
flow of blood from :<3: to capillaries
Venous returns because of 3 factors:
skeletal muscle contraction
presence of valves in veins
respiratory movements
functions:
transport
nutrients
metabolites
excretory products
gases
hormones
cells of non-respiratory function
heat
transmission of force
for locomotion in earth worms
breaking shell during molting
movement of organs; legs in spider
ultra-filtration in capillaries of kidneys
composition
PLASMA (55%)
plasma proteins
blood osmotic pressure, pH, aid metabolism
salts
maintains blood osmotic pressure
gases
cellular respiration
nutrients
food for cells
wastes
end product metabolism; excretion by kidneys
hormones
aid metabolism
water
maintains blood volume;transport molecules
FORMED ELEMENTS (45%)
RBC
transport O2 and CO2
WBC
fight infection
platelets
aid clotting
ABO System
presence or absence of
type A
&
type B
antigens
on RBC determines the blood type
Rh system
important antigen in matching blood
i.e.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
