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COLD WAR (1945-1991) (Relation between the blocs (The end of the Cold War…

- - - - Features
        
        Parliamentary democracies
        
        capitalist economy
        
        1949, NATO: millitary alliance to streghten power
      - Members
        
        USA
        
        Western Europe liberated by the allies
        
        Japan
    - - Members
        
        USSR
        
        Central and Eastern Europe
      - Features
        
        1955, Warsaw Pact:millitary alliance
        
        1949, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
        
        "people's democracies"
- - - - Doctrine of containment "Truman Doctrine"
        
        Denounce communist pressure
        
        Offered help against the spread of communism
    - - Zhdanov Doctrine
        
        Denounced imperialism in Western Europe
        
        Offered assistance to countries against US domain
  - - - Increase of nuclear power in USSR
      - New attitude between the leaders
  - - - USSR
        
        Tried to achieve military supremacy
        
        SS-20 missiles with nuclear warheads
        
        Increased foreign policies
        
        Afghanistan
        
        African conflicts
      - USA
        
        Increased military spending
        
        "Star Wars"
        
        "low-intensity conflicts" in the Third World
  - - - Mikhail Gorbachev
        
        Eased tensions
        
        Intensified dialogue with USA
        
        declared Soviet unilateral disarmament
        
        Withdrew from
        
        Afghanistan
        
        African conflicts
        
        Increased autonomy to the satellite republics
    - - Costly nuclear race hampered
    - - Several disarmament and arms reduction agreements
        
        USSR
        
        USA
      - Fall of the Berlin Wall
      - Disappearance of the Soviet Union
      - 1991, Cold War ended
        
        New international order
        
        USA remained as the only world superpower
- - - - USA
        
        Two-party political system
        
        Democratic party
        
        John F. Kennedy
        
        Moderate and flexible political programme
        
        Harry S. Truman
        
        Fierce anti-communist campaign
        
        Republican party
        
        Dwight D. Eisenhower
        
        Fierce anti-communist campaign
        
        Domestic problems
        
        African American struggle for the equal rights
        
        Martin Luther King
        
        Protests against the Vietnam War
        
        Economy grew after WWII
        
        Agriculture
        
        Specialised
        
        Mechanised
        
        Industry developed greatly
        
        Progress was achieved
        
        Transport
        
        Banking
        
        Commerce
        
        Tourism
        
        Result
        
        Multinational companies emerged
        
        Mass consumption widespread
      - Western Europe
        
        Political System
        
        Multi-party democracies
        
        Dictatorships
        
        Spain
        
        Greece
        
        Portugal
        
        The Marshall Plan
        
        A rescue and reconstruction plan based on the concession of grants and low-interest loans
        
        25ooo million dollars from 1948 to 1961
        
        Great Britain
        
        France
        
        Italy
        
        Federal Republic of Germany
        
        USA
        
        Intervened in economy
        
        Controlled key sectors
        
        Social policy based on the protection of the most disadvantaged
        
        Objectives
        
        Obtain new markets
        
        Avoid social unrest
        
        Avoid the spread of communist ideas
        
        European Integration
        
        Objectives
        
        Political cooperation
        
        Economic cooperation
        
        1957, Treaty of Rome
        
        European Economic Community (EEC)
        
        Single market
        
        Free movement
        
        People
        
        Goods
        
        Services
        
        Capital
      - Japan
        
        Occupied by USA from 1945-1951
        
        New constitution
        
        Parliamentary monarchy
        
        Economy
        
        USA support
        
        Second world economic power in 1960'
        
        "Japanese Miracle"
        
        Investment and export of high-tech products
        
        Disciplined labour force
        
        Work long hours
        
        Low wages
        
        Short holidays
    - - Consumer society
        
        Golden Age of Capitalism
        
        Economic advances + growing incorporation of women into labour market
        
        Consolidation of welfare and consumer society
        
        Increase of middle class
        
        Improving of standards of living
        
        USA
        
        Easy access to credit
        
        Extension of automobile
        
        Extension of television
        
        Household appliances
        
        Western Europe
        
        Spread of welfare state
        
        Free access to basic services
        
        Health
        
        Education
        
        Social protection
        
        Retirement
        
        Illness
        
        Unemployment
        
        Japan
        
        Western dress, fashions and habits
      - Trends
        
        New trends
        
        Long hair for men
        
        Jeans
        
        Miniskirts
        
        Music
        
        Mass fenomenon
        
        Pop
        
        Rock n' Roll
        
        Films and television
        
        People witnessed live events
      - Social Movements
        
        Civil Rights Movement
        
        Martin Luther King
        
        Rosa Parks
        
        Malcom X
        
        Hippie Movement
        
        Criticised consumerism
        
        Advocaded for a simple way of life based on
        
        Love
        
        Peace
        
        Non-Violence
        
        Feminist Movement
        
        Critisiced the traditionals women's role
        
        Women as mothers
        
        Women as wives
        
        Women as homemakers
        
        Called for
        
        Women's liberation
        
        New social role for women
        
        'May 1968' students protest
        
        Questioned the stablished order
        
        Critisiced bourgeoisie society
        
        Sought to change
        
        Predominant situation
        
        Capitalist organisation
        
        Peace Movement
        
        Protested against
        
        Vietnam War
        
        Arms race
        
        USSR
        
        USA
  - - - Disappearance of military dictatorships
        
        Portugal
        
        1974: Military uprising
        
        Carnation Revolution
        
        End of Oliveira Salazar dictatorship
        
        Greece
        
        1974: Return of monarchy
        
        Spain
        
        1975: Death of General Franco
        
        Transition to the democracy
      - Communism in Western Europe
        
        Embraced Eurocommunism
        
        Accepted parliaments to access the power
    - - Causes
        
        Energy crisis
        
        Rise of oil prices
        
        Industrial crisis
      - Consequences
        
        Inflation
        
        Reduction in demand
        
        Decline of production
        
        Decline of benefits
        
        Closure of many companies
        
        Unemployment
        
        Social Unrest
        
        Latin American Countries
        
        Dictatorships
        
        Argentina (1976-1983)
        
        Chile (1973-1990)
      - Solutions
        
        Neoliberal economic policies
        
        Privatisation of state enterprises
        
        Reducting spendings
        
        Public
        
        Social
        
        Lowering wages
        
        Deregulation of labour market
        
        "flexible" work force
        
        Restructuring of industrial sectors
        
        Reduction in production
        
        Elimination of jobs
        
        Modernisation of production
        
        Relocation of works
        
        Cheaper locations
        
        New production methods
        
        Robotics
        
        Energy savings
        
        Alternative energy sources
- - - - Soviet Union
        
        Nikita Khrushchev (1953-64)
        
        "de-Stalinisation" process
        
        Condemned the abuse of power
        
        Condemned the personality cult
        
        Allowed certain freedom of expression
        
        Leonid Breznhev
        
        Stalled the reforms
      - People's democracies
        
        Central and Eastern Europe
        
        Controlled by Soviet Union
        
        Imposed Soviet institutions
        
        Stifled any attempt of independence
        
        1956: Hungarian Revolution
        
        1968: Prague Spring
      - Economy
        
        Nationalisation
        
        Radical agrarian reforms
        
        planned economy
        
        Agricultural mechanisation
        
        Promotion of heavy industries
        
        Public services
      - Society
        
        Reduced consumption
        
        Low quality of public services
    - - 1945, Civil War
        
        Chinese National Party
        
        Communists headed by Mao Zedong
        
        Victory: division of the country
        
        People's Republic of China
        
        Mao Zedong
        
        Republic of China in Taiwan
        
        Nationalists
      - Maoist regime
        
        Political control
        
        Communist Party
        
        Suppression of opposition
        
        Economic reconstruction
        
        Great Leap Forward
        
        Development of heavy industry
        
        People's communes
        
        Self-sufficient administrative units
        
        Objective: increase in standards of living
        
        Society
        
        Strong egalitarism
        
        Control of private life
        
        Cultural Revolution
    - - Revolution
        
        1959: Fidel Castro triumphed
        
        End of dictatorship
        
        Democratic Republic of Cuba
        
        Pro-communist system
        
        Single party rule
        
        Planned economy
        
        Social control
      - Communism
        
        Spread through Latin America
        
        Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
        
        USA
        
        Prevention against communism
        
        Invasion of Cuba
        
        Bay of Pigs, 1961
        
        Failed
        
        Economic blockade
  - - - Reforms of Gorbachev
        
        Problems
        
        Political crisis
        
        Economic crisis
        
        Solutions
        
        Foreign policy
        
        Disarmament
        
        Withdrew conflicts
        
        Afghanistan
        
        Africa
        
        Domestic policy
        
        Perestroika
        
        Tentative democratisation
        
        Certain liberalisation of economy
        
        Glasnost
        
        Freedom of expression
        
        Freedom of opinion media
      - From USSR to the CIS
        
        1991, Autonomy to Central and European countries
        
        Military coup
        
        Quelled by B. Yeltsin
        
        Acceleration
        
        Communist party otlawed
        
        Independence
        
        Estonia
        
        Latvia
        
        Lithuania
        
        Dissolution of USSR
        
        Commonwealth of Independen States (CIS)
        
        Russian Federation
        
        Eleven former Soviet republics
    - - Autumn of Nations
        
        Peaceful
        
        Stablishment of democracies
      - Central and Eastern European countries
        
        Poland
        
        Hungary
        
        Romania
        
        Czechoslovakia
        
        Czech Republic
        
        Slovakia
        
        German Democratic Republic
        
        Bulgaria
      - 1989, fall of Berlin Wall
        
        German reunification (1990)