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BUSINESS ETHICS (WEEK 8) (Moral development stages- our moral reasoning…
BUSINESS ETHICS (WEEK 8)
Moral dilemma- a decision where you need to choose one from two or more actions that have moral implications
Universal ethical values can be found amongst different countries and cultures:
Harm/care
Fairness/reciprocity
Ingroup/loyalty
Authority/respect
Purity/sanctity
Moral development stages- our moral reasoning ability develops through six stages as we grow into adults:
1) Heteronomous morality: avoiding physical damage to persons and property & avoiding punishment associated with breaking the rules
2) Instrumental morality: serving one’s own needs and interests & being fair and engaging in equal exchange of benefits with others
3) Relationship focused morality: living up to the expectation of others & maintaining quality social relationships (e.g., trust, loyalty, respect, gratitude, etc.)
4) Social system conscience: maintaining existing social institutions (e.g., the legal system, the economic system) & fulfilling one’s social duties as a good citizen
5) Social contract and individual rights: promoting the greatest good for the greatest number & respecting basic human rights (e.g., sanctity of life, free will and liberty, etc.)
6) Universal ethical principles: Following self-chosen ethical principles (e.g., justice, equality, etc.) and violating laws and social norms when necessary
Moral philosophy
Consequentialism: the ethicality of a behavior lies in its consequences; worse consequences = more unethical
Deontology: the ethicality of a behavior lies in its consistency with a set of established rules, regardless of its consequences (e.g., traffic rules)
Kantian ethics: the ethicality of a behavior lies in the intention behind the behavior, and only acts done with the right intent are moral
Moral intuition hypothesis- We feel strong emotions (e.g., disgust, anger) in certain moral situations and reach a moral judgment intuitively and then we engage in rational and logical analyses to provide rationales for our judgment
People make harsher judgements when:
→ They are hypnotized with a feeling of disgust
→ There is a slight bad/disgusting smell in the environment
→ They have watched a disgust-inducing video
Moral emotions- The emotions linked to the interests or welfare either of society as a whole or at least of persons other than the judge or agent
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Embarrassment- An aversive state of mortification, abashment and chagrin that follows public social predicaments
Moral elevation- A positive emotion elicited when observing others behaving in a particularly virtuous, commendable or superhuman way.
Necessary evil- Tasks in which a person must knowingly and intentionally cause emotional or physical harm to another human being in the service of achieving some perceived greater good or purpose.
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Moral disengagement- A set of psychological and social mechanisms that disengage self sanctions from unethical conduct
Moral justification: Detrimental conduct is made personally and socially acceptable by portraying it as serving socially worthy or moral purposes
Euphemistic labeling: use euphemistic language to make harmful conduct respectable and to reduce personal responsibility for it
Disregard consequences: When people pursue activities that are harmful to others for reasons of personal gain or social pressure, they avoid facing the harm they cause, or they minimize it
Dehumanization: Stripping the target of human qualities (e.g., with feelings and hopes), because perceiving a person as having common humanity activates empathy, which makes it difficult to mistreat him/her
Attribution of blame: after hurting others, people tend to blame the victims for bringing suffering on themselves
Diffusion of responsibility: sometimes a social arrangement is set up so that the personal agency in engaging in detrimental behavior is obscured by diffusing responsibility among multiple individuals
Ethics- A particular type of social value, that having to do with how humans cooperate and coordinate their activities in the service of furthering human welfare, and how they adjudicate conflicts among individual interests