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Chemistry - Madhav Vats (Gas Laws (Individual Gas Laws (Avogadro's Law…

- - - - Element
      - Compound
    - - Hetrogeneous
      - Homogenenous
  - - - Can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter
    - - Properties that becomes evident during, or after, a chemical reaction
  - - - Change in matter that involves the substance going from one physical state to another
    - - a substance combines with another to form a new substance
- - - - Mass: 1 amu
      - Charge: +1
    - - Mass: 1 amu
      - Charge: Neutral
- - - - (V1/n1) = (V2/n2)
    - - P1xV1=P2xV2
    - - (V1/T1) = (V2/T2)
    - - (P1/T1) = (P2/T2)
- - - - particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom
      - identical to nucleus of Helium atom
      - penetrates until paper
      - mass: 4 charge: 2+
    - - denoted by greek letter beta
      - high energy positron or electron emitted in radioactive decay
      - mass: 0 charge: -1
      - acts as an electron
      - penetrates through aluminum
    - - No charge and no mass
      - more energetic than beta
      - penetrates through lead
- - - - Aufbau Principle
        
        Electrons Occupy Energy Levels of increasing energy
        
        1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p
      - Hund's Rule
        
        when electrons occupy orbitals, they must first occupy all energy levels individually before doubly occupying
      - Pauli-Exclusion Principle
        
        Each electron has a unique set of quantum #s
    - - P Subshell
      - D Subshell
      - S Subshell
      - F Subshell
  - - - describes the size of the orbital/energy of the orbital
        
        n
    - - describes the shape of the orbital
        
        l
    - - describes the orientation in space of a particular orbital
        
        m
    - - a value (of 1/2) that describes the angular momentum of an electron
        
        +/- 1/2
        
        s
- - - - Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
      - Decreases down Period, Increases across Group
    - - Energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion
      - Decreases down Period, Increases across Group
    - - Radius of atom's ion
      - Increases down Period, Decreases across Group
    - - Radius of atom
      - Increases down Period, Decreases across Group
- - - - Sharing of electrons between non metals
      - Polar
        
        Electrons are unequally shared
        
        Electronegativity difference between .3 and 1.7
      - Non polar
        
        Electrons are equally shared
        
        Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
    - - Sea of electrons between metals
    - - Transfer of electrons between Metals and non-metals
  - - - 2
        
        Linear
      - 3
        
        Trigonal Planar
      - 4
        
        Tetrahedral
      - 5
        
        Trigonal Bipyramidal
      - 6
        
        Octahedral
    - - X
      - E
      - A
- - - - A + B => AB
    - - AB => A+B
    - - Single
        
        AB + C => AC + B
      - Double
        
        AB + CD => AD + CB
    - - sugar reaction w/oxygen gas
      - produces water and CO2
- - - - A and B are reactants
  - - - negative if reactant
      - positive if coefficient
  - - - basically a unit cancelation of the values of A and B
- - - - Equilibrium constant
        
        Value of the reaction quotient when the reaction has reached equilibrium
- - - - Dissociate less than 5%
    - - Dissociate completely