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Enzymes and Digestion (Structure of Digestive system (Stomach (Muscular…
Enzymes and Digestion
Structure of Digestive system
Stomach
Muscular Sac that produces enzymes and is responsible for mechanical digestion
Liver
Oesophagus
Moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis
Pancreas
Produces Pancreatic juice which contains lots of enzymes to hydrolyse material passing into the small intestine
Epiglottis
Cartilage flap that sits at the top of the trachea preventing food from entering
Small and Large intestine
Main sites of absorption Small intestine absorption of nutrients large intestine absorption of water
Tongue and Salivary Glands
Rectum and Anus
Where undigested food and waste products are excreted
Enzymes involved
Proteins
Pepsin
Endopeptidease
Breaks chain down into smaller groups in the middle of the chain
Exopeptidease
Breaks single amino acids off the end of the poly peptide chain
Break down proteins into single amino acids for absorption
Dipeptidease
breaks down two amino acids into single amino acids
Lipids
Lipases
Bile Salts form micelles
Emulsification
Carbohydrates
Salivary amylase
Pancreatic amylase
maltase
Hydrolyse Starch into maltose then glucose ready for absorption
Structure of the ileum
Absorption of Amino acids and monosaccharides
Co-transport
Absorption of Triglycerides
reformed as triglycerides then combine with Lipoproteins and cholesterol to form CHYLOMICRONS
Leave cells by exocytosis and then enter the lacteals
Micelles break down on the villi wall producing mono glycerides and fatty acids
Villi and Micro Villi
One cell thick
Large surface area
Good supply of blood vessels
Able to move with muscle creating concentration gradients
Digestion
Physical digestion
Creates large surface area for food
Teeth also break down food physically
Chemical digestion
Digestive enzymes function by hydrolysis
addition of water breaking chemical bonds
Hydrolyses large insoluble molecules
enzymes to hydrolyse large molecule into smaller subunits
enzymes hydrolyse the subunits into monomers