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crime term 2 gender (intro (female criminality area which has been…

- - - - argue that this is the wrong question to ask (why do women commit crime)
        
        instead we need to consider: feminism and definitions of crime; motives and meanings; the role of gender in theory; and methodology
  - - - attempts of past sociologist to create grand theory is mistaken
        
        traditional academic subjects such as criminology have to be challenged and deconstructed
        
        criminological thinking has been developed by men and reflects their assumptions
    - - some should start with wider issues of how gender differences are constructed and maintained
      - the issue of gender should be the starting point for feminist research in criminology - other factors such as race and class should be secondary
  - - - Murder: for feminists the circumstances in which women murder must be very closely examined, using different criteria of judgment from those use by men
        
        when women kill a violent partner they may have been driven to violence by long-term effects of abuse (slow fuse argument)
  - - - assumed theories would apply to women but most actually do not
        
        feminist researches have made female defenders and victims visible
        
        shines light on institutionalised sexism within criminology theory, policy and practice
    - - must also be able to highlight facts which operate differently on men and women
        
        criminology focuses hardly at all on men and masculinity
    - - able to highlight factors which operates differently on men and women
      - criminology focuses hardly at all on men and masculinity
        
        creates theories about criminals without a conceptualisation of gender
        
        for feminists this is a key construct
- - - - police officers often hold stereotypes
    - - majority of women offenders have been convicted and imprisoned or non-violent crimes
  - - - differences in behaviour between men and women are socially determined
        
        between 1960-72 robberies by women went up 277% while men went up by only 169%
        
        embezzlement by women rose 280% in same period while men rose 50%
        
        arrest rates for females rising 3 times as fast as for males
    - - carol smart criticised Adler's focus on official stats which are unreliable
- - - - female lack in values associated with delinquency: low levels of condition of female for violent street crime - more likely to be arrested for shoplifting and prostitution
  - - - women constrained in their nuclear families through ideological bonds e.g. looking after children
        
        women who 'fail' in the role of mother and housewife frowned upon by society
        
        these constraints do not apply to males
      - effect of ideological expectations is to lock women into a narrow, family centred role controlled by men
    - - where women fail in the demands imposed upon them, control may take from of physical violence w ways for women to escape the pressure of control in the family often leading to mental illness
      - women enter roles of marriage and domestication
        
        male expectations of female behaviour in the home constrain women- also extends in public through 3 key ways
        
        the male monopoly of violence
        
        fear of a bad reputation
        
        dominance of public life by men
  - - - in adulthood females constrained through material demands of looking after their husband and children
        
        only crime women represented greater than men is shoplifting
    - - women socialised against becoming involved in violent crime
  - - - part of the reason for the increase in the numbers of women stealing is that they form the bulk of the poor
      - second most common offence for females is fraud
        
        closely associated with prosecutions for false welfare benefit claims
        
        pat carlen
        
        where women are suffering poverty and where they have lost faith in the justice of the welfare system they are more likely to commit crime
- - - - women are not 'expected' to commit crime
        
        when women do commit crime they are represented not only as people who have broken the law but also as people who have 'transgressed' against norms/expectations of 'appropriate' feminine behaviour
  - - - the existence and function of females, even in highly militarised situations such as conflicts and wars, always dependent upon male validation
    - - their actions and existence represented/ validated by relationship to men
    - - media reinforces hegemonic masculinity/gender roles
  - - - during and after the case known as 'Foxy-Knoxy" by media
        
        many headlines puns towards her attractiveness
        
        representation of female criminal as "commodities" that are "objectified" fulfilling male desires
  - - - highly sexualised depiction and theme/plots also focus on domestic space, fee biological, essentialist accounts
- - - - NSPCC mid-late 1980's- music higher promotions of women involved in physical abuse than had been thought. fathers were suspected in 61% and mothers in 36% of cases
        
        official stats: males 5x more likely to commit crimes than females. by age 28, 33% of males and 6% of female have been convicted of a serious offence
        
        incase in female crime has been threefold, while fro males its been twofold
    - - age spread for females committing crime has been widening - there has been a doubling of the rate for 10-12 year olds and a tripling for 14-17 year olds
        
        the ration between male - female in serious monitoring offences is 30-1, for burglary 35-1 for robbery 20-2 for violence against a person 10-1 and for theft and handling 3-1
  - - - trivial offences where excluded from the self-rport studies for females, official female crime ratios were much closer to the official ratio for male crimes
- - - - topic
      - process
      - power and control
      - desire to record the subjective experience of doing research
  - - - sterotype of the game as highly masculine was inaccurate
        
        women were crucial
        
        gangs relatively organised
        
        members not always very young, ages ranged
        
        women were full members of gangs
        
        traditional views on limiting their sexual activity to regular partners
        
        evidence of marriage and long-term relationships between gang members, children looked after and raised within the gang
        
        women expected to carry knives and fight alongside men
    - - finances of the gang largely depend upon selling drugs
        
        buying the drugs usually performed by males but deciding drugs into units for sale conducted by women
    - - never forced the research in any direction
        
        her work uncovered overlooked aspects of gang life
- - - - lombroso
        
        studies female criminals and proposed that they were 'abnormal' - lacked 'natural' female traits e.g. docility
        
        like men had 'exaggerated sexuality'
        
        approach lobmromos writings with caution as they are reductive
        
        lomboros physical difference theory
        
        size of women thighs make them more prostitute or normal
- - - - bering an unmarried mother is supposedly a sign that the person is more likely to be promiscuous and therefore deviant
        
        unmarried mothers (extroverts) exhibited high degrees of emotionality/neuroticism than married mothers
        
        limitations : reductive, sexist assumption about female behaviour
        
        dismiss the socially constructed nature of gender
- - - - young men react strongly against all traits associated with femininity, and this excessive 'masculinity' can lead to delinquency
    - - female crime related to either the influence of the dominant male in adulthood or the result of some problem in socialisation in the latency( state of existing but not yet being developed) period
    - - dismisses class and race dimensions
- - - - deep seated patriarchy embedded in sociology of gender and crime