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Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Consolidation and…
Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890-1914: Consolidation and expansion of the British Empire in Africa
A new African empire
Occupation of territories by chartered companies- produced evidence of 'effective occupation' behalf of Britain, formal control from 1890s
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British expansionism: treaties, intimidation and aggression driven by regional disorder or perceived threats
The extent of British expansion in Africa, 1890-1914:
Initial acquisition of territory: Expansion and consolidation of British rule 1890-1914
Sierra Leone 1808: Protectorate established in 1896
Gold Coast 1867: Incorporation of Ashantiland into Gold Coast Colony in 1902
Transvaal 1877 (until Dec 1880): Integrated into British Union of South Africa 1902
Egypt (and Sudan) 1882: From 1899, Sudan was a condominium of Britain and Egypt Egyptian Protectorate established 1914
Southern Nigeria 1884: Royal Niger Company (RNC) rule converted into British colony 1906, before establishment of united Nigeria in 1914
Northern Nigeria 1885: RNC rule converted into British Colony 1900, before establishment of united Nigeria 1914
British East Africa 1888: Imperial British East Africa Company (BEAC) rule replaced by formal Protectorate in 1895
Uganda 1888: BEAC rule replaced by formal Protectorate in 1894
Zanzibar 1890: Formal Protectorate established, albeit maintaining the rule of Sultan of Oman
Nyasaland 1891: British South Africa Company (BSAC) rule replaced by formal Protectorate in 1907
Matabeleland 1893: Territory incorporated into Rhodesia 1895
Rhodesia 1895: Southern Rhodesia Protectorate established 1901 and Northern Rhodesia in 1911, both under BSAC administration
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80% African continent under native or tradition forms of control at time of conference, only 10% remained outside European control 20 years later
Borders threatened by local crises or resistance, British right action, using force and coercion
Berlin Conference (1884-85): imperial powers had to show evidence of 'effective occupation' of African territories- both administration and defence to claim them as formal colony
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British protectorates expanded to provide better security to pre-existing ports, markets or resources and new territories taken to limit advance of fellow European imperialists
Conservative government (1895) determined uphold Britain's position in every part of the world- ward, threats of wars, over Africa and ambitious programmes consolidate Empire
Private chartered companies used to occupy and administer territory, some direct intervention e.g. Egypt and South Africa British policy was cautious
British reacting to initiatives of other powers- matching settlement by French or Germans by claiming area where British traders already established themselves
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The Uganda Railway
Railway became known as 'Lunatic Line'- engineering integrity/ difficulties encountered during construction
Kedong massacre (500 labourers killed by Masai tribesmen) and Tsavo incident (35-100 rail workers attacked by 2 lions)
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Project and expense to British taxpayer supported by Colonial Secretary Chamberlain and Conservative government
660 miles of rail tract took 5 years and £5 million build- lives of 2500 labourers owing to accidents, disease and wildlife
The Uganda Railway consolidated Britain's formal takeover of East Africa Protectorate and Uganda (linked colonies with Indian ocean)
The Sudan campaign
Railway constructed into heart of Dervish territory and men and supplies carried forward as stretches line completed
Place amidst sandstorms, torrential rain, a bad outbreak of cholera and number Dervish attacks
Initial Egyptian expeditionary force of 10,000 transported up Nile by fleet of pleasure-steamers supplied by Thomas Cook & Son to Wadi Halfa
The Jameson raid
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Jameson’s ‘raid’- 500 mounted police, defeated and forced surrender after 4 days
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