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Approaches (Social Learning Theory (Vicarious Reinforcement - Observation…
Approaches
Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Reinforcement - Observation leads to imitation if behaviour is vicariously reinforced, Bobo Doll
Assumptions - observable,
basic processes similar in all species
Meditational Processes - Attention, Retention, Motivation, Reproduction
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Evidence from lab experiments display low validity and examples of demand characteristics (Social Desirability Bias)
Underestimates the influence of biology, e.g. hormonal changes causing aggression
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IND - less deterministic, reciprocal determinism
Biological Approach
Assumptions - Biological processes: genes, neurochem and nerve system
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Evolution and Behaviour - natural selection of genes based on survival value and, ultimately reproductive success
Precise techniques, such as scanning, family and drug trials
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Drugs associated with symptom reduction, not causation
IND - hard, biological determinism
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Humanistic Approach
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The Self, Congruence and Conditions of Worth - Personal growth requires congruence between self and ideal self
Heirachy of Needs - Maslow identified psych deficiency needs to be satisfied before safety and self-actualisation
IND - not reductionist, places importance on the whole person
Not a theory, loose set of concepts
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Behavioural Approach
Assumptions - observable,
basic processes similar in all species
Classical Conditioning - Pavlov's dogs, association of Neutral Stimulus with Unconditioned Stimulus, to produce new Conditioned Stimulus and Conditioned Response
Operant Conditioning - Skinner's rats, Reinforcement (positive and negative), punishment
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CC - Focus on here and now, treating phobias
OC - token economy in prisons
Humans are passive responders, mental events not included
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Cognitive Approach
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Theoretical and Computer Models - Information processing approach, mind is likened to a computer and applied to AI
The Role of Schema - Innate or Learned Mental short-cut leads to perceptual errors Beliefs and expectation affect thoughts and behaviour
Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience - Biological structures link to mental states Brain imaging used to read the brain
Credible basis due to lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data
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Abstract and overly theoretical, artificial stimuli
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Psychodynamic Approach
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Structure of Personality - Id, Ego and Superego
In constant conflict, ego protected by defence mechanisms (e.g. repression, denial, displacement)
Psychosexual Stages - Five stages, different conflict at each stage
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Unique and abnormal case studies, lack scientific rigour
Much of the theory is unfalsifiable and untestable, thus pseudoscientific
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Origins of Psych
Wundt and Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychological lab in Leipzig, Germany, introduced structuralism
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Early philosophical routes of Descartes, Locke and Darwin
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