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Biopsychology (Localisation of Function in the Brain (Localisation vs.…

- - - - Cell body contains nucleus, has dendrites
        Axon covered in myelin sheath divided by nodes of Ranvier
      - Positive charge leads to action potential
      - Motor, sensory and relay neurons
    - - Neurotransmitters - Posy synaptic receives NT
        Specialist functions, e.g. acetylcholine for muscle contraction
      - Terminal buttons at synapse, presynaptic vesicles release NT
      - Adrenaline is excitatory
        Serotonin is inhibitory
      - SSRIs increase serotonin activity
    - - PNS - Autonomic Nervous System (para and sympathetic)
        Somantic Nervous System (body)
      - CNS - Brain and Spinal Cord
- - - - Menstrual Cycle - Oestrogen regulates ovulation, progesterone readies body for pregnancy
      - Research Study - Stern and McClintock: Evidence that menstrual cycles may synchronise through pheromones
      - Seasonal Affective Disorder - Form of depression triggered in the winter months and regulated by melatonin
      - Other Research - Studies by Aschoff and Wever (Bunker) and Folkard et al. (Cave) showed longer and shorter rhythms
      - Evolutionary Basis of Men. Cycle - Synchronisation may have adaptive function because newborns cared for collectively. However, produce competition for the fittest males.
      - Methodological Issues - Small samples, confounding variables not controlled for
      - Role of pheromones is unclear in humans
      - Phototherapy for SAD, effective in 60% (Eastman et al.)
    - - Stages fo Sleep - 5 Stages that occur in 90 min cycles
        Stage 1 and 2: Alpha and Theta waves
        Stage 3 and 4: Deep sleep, delta waves
        Stage 5: REM sleep
      - Evidence for Sleep Stages - Deement and Kleitman (1957) using EEGs showed how REM sleep is important in the cycle