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Geography U2 Case Studies (The Changing Economy of the UK (Employment…
Geography U2 Case Studies
Population Dynamics
Population Structures
Russia
Birth Rate
1.0
Fertility Rate
1.2
Because
Migration in young people trying to find better jobs
Natural Increase
-0.6%
Because
Falling life expectancy due to industrial disease and alcoholism
Yemen
Birth Rate
40
Fertility Rate
6.7
Because
Lack of education leading to marriage by 18 leading to many children bearing years
Natural Increase
3.2%
Because
More children surviving till adulthood due to improved vaccination
Populations
Japan
Ageing Population(21% are over 65)
Healthy diet and 9% of GDP on health care
Positives
'Grey Yen'
Negatives
Increase in pensions, nursing homes, cost in healthcare
Mexico
Youthful population(31% under 15)
Reduced in infant mortality(childhood vaccinations)
Positives
Labour for growing manufacturing industry(7th largest economy)
Negatives
Increase school places
Large numbers unable to find work
Consuming Resources
Oil
Supply
Countries with large oil supply(eg Saudi Arabia)
Countries with little oil(eg France)
By 2030 The International Energy Agency predicts that oil will rise by 116 million barrels
Oil industry believes they can not produce more than 100 barrels of oil per day
Peak oil is when oil production peaks and decreases
Oil running out may lead to wars
Energy tension
The invasion and occupation of Iraq between 2003 and 2011 by US and Allied forces
Falkland led to war(UK and Argentina)
Japan and China over dispute over islands rich with oil
Consumption
UK reported no growth in economy in 2012
2012 (China by 7.5%, India by 5%
People in this country will require more oil
Solar Power
Supply and Consumption
Used in California
Used because large amounts of sunlight
Also used in Germany
Potential in Saharan countries
Globalisation
Nike
Basic
Operates in 140 countries
Directly employ 44 000 people worldwide but 20 times more for people who create Nike products in factories
Location
Head Office(Beaverton, Oregon, USA)
Factories(Majority are found in Asia where most employs are woman)
Shift in manufacturing
Decisions in things such as design and marketing remain in the USA
Locates factories in South East Asia(cheaper labour)
Campaigns
Campaigns such as 'boycott Nike' fight unfair working conditions in their sweatshops(Nike have to publish supplier inspections on their website)
'Global Shift'
Movement of factories from MEDCs to LEDCs
BT
Basic
One of the largest telecommunications companies(operates in over 170 countries)
British Owned
Location and Outsourcing
Types of Outsourcing
English speaking foreign countries took over services such as call centres(Most employs are graduates earning £3000 per year)
Develop and support broadband products in India
Locations with administrative skills manage services like accounting
Bangalore outsourcing reasons
English speaking university provides science and technology graduates
City attracts software developments
Reduced taxes to attract companies
'The New Economy'
Based on the sale of services rather than manufacturing(locate anywhere if they are high quality communication links)
BT relies on employing skilled, creative and well-qualified people(provides specialised services)
Development Dilemmas
Malawi
(developing)
Landlocked
One railway to the sea meaning harder to export and import
HIV/AIDs
Estimated 15% of working population have it meaning reduces available workforce which hinders development(more money is also invested)
Trade
Low-value products that are bought for low prices by developed countries
India
(vary levels of development)
Maharashtra(urban)
World's largest film industry(Bollywood)
Largest GDP in India
Contains Mumbai
Bihar(rural)
Average income 6000 rupees(£75)
Most people stuck in the
poverty cycle
Only 2% of children reach final years of secondary school
The Sardar Sarovar Dam
(top-down)
Farmers
1.8 million hectare will be irrigated(positive)
Less flooding so fertile river sediment will not reach farmland(negative)
Local Residents
234 villages have been drowned and 320,000 people forced to move(negative)
Historians
Religious and historical sites have been flooded(negative)
People who live downstream
Less flooding and more drinking water(positive)
Urban Residents
Cheap HEP (positive)
The Changing Economy of the UK
Industrial Change in the UK over the last 50 years
Primary(Agriculture)
1990 : 690,000
2009 : 499,00
More machinery = less labour
More use of chemicals + fertilisers to increase crop yield
Primary(Mining and Quarrying)
2000 : 15,300
2011 : 11,200
Exhaustion of mineral deposits in some areas
More people against it meaning more abandoned projects
Cheaper to import from other countries
Secondary(Iron and Steel)
1960 : 250,000
2010 : 20,000
Government experienced strikes in the 1960s and 70s so privatised it in 1988 to prevent further losses
Tertiary(Footwear, Textiles and Clothing)
1960 : 1 million
2010 : 100,000
Cheaper to get textiles from Taiwan, India and Bangladesh
Decline of the UK shipbuilding industry
Reasons
Competition from other countries
Changes in government support policies
World demand fell
Impacts
Unemployment
Poverty/Deprivation
Pollution of rivers, canals and lakes
Changing Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors
80% in the UK work in tertiary/service(wages vary as there are many different jobs), it has increased in services such as Health were it grew 90% between 1981-2011
Quaternary
Important
Jobs are highly skilled, highly paid and employ university graduates
Research and developments can be exported
Lots of TNCs that can quickly invest in new products
Strengths in the UK
Aerospace technology
Agricultural and food research
Digital imaging, internet and web design
Reasons for Growth
People need more services such as education, health, retailing
Impact of globalisation
More invested in research to develop new products quickly(beat competition)
Increased competition
Employment
Total Workforce
1960 : 24 million
2010 : 27 million
10 million in population growth but only 3 million in workforce growth
Younger people staying in education longer and elderly are unable to work
Average Full-Time wage
1960 : £14(£220 today)
2010 : £450
Unskilled and skilled manual jobs decline meaning more qualifications and skills are needed to earn more money
Women in Workforce
1960 : 35%
2010 : 49%
Women are now focusing more on their career and get married later and have fewer children
Part-Time jobs
1960 : 5%
2010 : 25%
In 1960 the workforce wasn't as flexible(part-time jobs benefit families who cannot work full-time)
Working Hours
1960 : 42 hours a week
2010 : 32 hours a week
More people work part-time and from home
Contrasting Regions(North-South Divide)
North-East England
Coal-mining, shipbuilding, chemicals and steel production used to be the main industries
Important manufacturing area
Centre for biofuel research
Fewer employments in chemical industry due to automation and improved technology
North oil sea and gas platforms are new industries
Reasons to Differences
South-East has more motorway networks(easier to distribute products)
South-East has 4 major airports
South-East jobs are more educated and well skilled
Proximity to the EU(easy access via channel tunnel)
South-East
Centre for service industries(eg health, education and transport)
Importance in oil refineries in Southampton
Unemployment is low 6% in 2013
Car production in Oxford
Environmental Impacts of Changing Employment(
Glasgow
)
UK's major shipbuilding industry centre till 1980 when it was dramatically industrialised. This had a knock-on effect on steel making(used to make ships) and the coal industries(used to make steel)
Economic Impacts
Loss of income for local workers, economy, government
More demand for income support
Social Impact
Widespread deprivation leading to family breakdown, alcoholism and crime
Environmental Impacts
Positive
More available land for future development
Less water used in industrial process
Negative
Derelict land looks unsightly
Empty factorises(litter/vandalism)
Regeneration
Slum clearance and redevelopment of areas
New shopping centres
Tourism due investments in arts and culture
Brownfield and Greenfield sites
Brownfield
A piece of land that has been used and then abandoned, and now is waiting to be developed again
Advantages
Infrastructure already in place
More environmentally friendly and sustainable
Well-connected sites(often near inner cities)
Disadvantages
Can be expensive(decontamination and demolishing)
Access may be poor with congested roads
Longbridge, Birmingham
Proposed £1 billion redevelopment for a former Rover car factory
Benefits
10,000 new jobs
25 new shops and restaurants
3 new green parks to improve local environmental
New community facilities
Costs
Nearby shop owners will lose trade
An increase of congestion on the roads
Local houses price will go out(local people may have to move out)
Greenfield
A piece of land that has not been built on before, but now is being considered for development
Advantages
No clearer so could be cheaper to prepare
More space for gardens
May be appealing to home owners
Disadvantages
Destroys wildlife habitats
More traffic on country roads
Less land for farming
Dudley, West Midlands
Plan to build 334 homes in Pensentt, 27 two-bedroom flats, 126 three-bedroom, 128 four-bedroom, 8 five-bedroom
Benefits
New jobs
Nice environment to live in
No need to demolish old buildings
Costs
Added congestion
Not sustainable
New infrastructure will have to be built
The Diversification of Employment
Digital Economy
Benefits
Connectivity across the world quickly and easily
More reliable systems
Transactions can take place much more quickly with fewer mistakes
Costs
More online criminal activity
Social networking poses a threat to young and vulnerable people
Education and Research
Increase funding in research is creating jobs and even new industries
Increasing importance in all aspects of our lives
Foreign Workforce
Do jobs British people don't want to do or fill skill shortages
Green Sector Employment
Jobs through - Generation of renewable energy, water management. waste management, green transport
Impacts of changing work practices
Flexible working
Flexi time(choosing when to work)
Compressed hours
Homeworking
Zero contract hours
Homeworking(7%)
2 hrs commuting time saved
People can work when and how they work
Firms can save money in office space
Teleworking
Self-Employment
Prefer to work for themselves
Made redundant and choose to start their own firm
Impacts
Reduction in rush hour traffic
Flexible working helps firms reach targets
Enables people to work around family
The Challenges of an Urban World
Why do cities grow?
Rural-Urban migration
More opportunities in cities which attracts people from rural areas
Natural Increase
People in 20s and 30s migrate to cities to settle down and then have children
Developing World Megacity(LEDC)
Spatial Growth
Growing rapidly due to industrialisation
Many people end up in slums(less government funding)
Economic Activity
Informal economy
Developed World Megacities(MEDC)
Spatial Growth
Growing slower due to merging with other towns and cities(conurbations) and urban sprawl
Economic
Formal economy
Megacity
Mumbai, India
Population
20 million
Population growth = 2.9% per year (hyperurbanisation)
60% live in poverty (slums of Dharavi)
Size and Spatial Growth
603km2
1000 people arrive every day
Navi Mumbai is made up of middle class
Economic Activity
Services, manufacturing, construction, entertainment and leisure
Los Angeles, USA
Population
12.9 million
Population growth = 1.1% per year
Size and Spatial Growth
12,520km2
Greater LA covers 87,945km2
Economic Activities
Trade
Entertainment
Aerospace and technology, Oil, Fashion and clothing, Tourism
London
Input
Food
6.9 million trillion tonnes a year
81% comes from outside the UK
Energy
All London's energy is imported
Energy used in homes has stayed consistent at 42% since 2000
Transport
6.4 billion passenger Km are travelled every year
41% in London is by public transport
37% in car
Materials Consumed
49 million tonnes
Output
44.7 million tonnes of CO2 per year
20 million tonnes of waste
Organic waste is released into rivers
Dealing with Waste(Cost £580 million a year )
Solutions(Prevention and Recycling)
Reducing Eco-Footprint
4.54 gha
Low because major retro-fitting programmes, including 10 low carbon zones where houses are fitted with solar panels and upgraded insulation to reduce carbon emissions
Reducing Waste Generation - re-using waste, providing cheap and accessible and composting services, providing recycling bins all over the city, developing waste burner power stations to generate heat and electricity
BedZED - sustainable community of apartments, offices and workplaces. Homes use 81% less energy for heat, 45% less electricity and 58% less water than average
Sustainable Transport
Encouraging Clean Technology
All new buses to be hybrid by 2012
Increase electric and hybrid cars and charging points
Discouraging high-polluting vehicles
Greater London Emission Zones
Reducing Congestion and Pollution
Introduced congestion charge in 2003
Encouraging Cycling
Barclay's Cycle Hire Scheme
Barclay's cycle superhighways
Variation Between Cities
Salisbury
Population - 43,000
Small eco-footprint (5.01gha)
Small commuting distances
Higher percentage walk or catch public transport instead of driving
Winchester
Population - 43,000
Highest eco-footprint(6.52gha)
Long commuting distance
Higher income so people can afford more goods(energy)
Rocinha, Brazil
(self-help scheme)
Materials for building permanent homes and n return for paying bills, clean water and electricity is provided by the authorities of Rio de Janeiro in the favelas
Improved quality of life - better overall living conditions, People are healthier and suffer fewer diseases, People are better educated
Dhaka, Bangladesh
(the work of NGOs)
The Manoshi Project is run by the NGO Brac and launched in 2007
Helped 3 million female slum dwellers with family planning, ante-natal care and new born care
Curitiba, Brazil
(Urban Planning)
Transport = buses(affordable - 80% use buses lowering congestion and pollution)
Recycling(70% of city waste is processed - creates jobs and raises money)
A Green City
Developing Less Polluted Cities
Mexico City
:check:
More people using = reducing emissions
Duel efficient cars have replaced 75,000 taxis
A bike rental scheme has been introduced
:red_cross:
Cars still remain a major form of public transport
Expensive(8% of city's annual budget is spent on the Green Plan)
Masdar City, UAE
:check:
Planned to be free of carbon, waste and pollution
A large wall will keep out hot desert wind and airport noise
Fountains will help keep air cool
:red_cross:
This is hugely expensive
Scarce water is being used to cool the air in the desert
There should be more focus on retro-fitting old cities