HX: Hx of autoimmune dz, FMHx of T1DM & autoimmune dz, Hx of infection (echo, coxsackie B), diet (cow milk)

Investigations: autoAtbs (anti-islet cell, anti-GAD [specific but not sensitive]; also: anti-insulin, anti-Tyr phosphatases, anti-IA-2, anti- IA-2 beta, anti-ZnT8), specific HLA polymorphisms (DR3 DQ2 [~90% of T1DM cases], DR4-DQ8), other genetic polymorphisms (preproinsulin. PTPN22 gene, CTLA-4), viral serology (viral-specific Atbs)

Management: pharmacotherapy (insulin), SMBG (at least 3x daily)

HX: BMI > 25, FMHx of DM, previous Hx of GDM or large babies (>4kg), previous poor obstetric outcomes due to diabetes, Hxof CVD dz, Hx of polycystic ovary syndrome, physical inactivity

Management: glycemic targets (fasting <5.5 mmol/L; 1 hour postprandial < 7.8 mmol/L; 2-hour postprandial < 6.7 mmol/L) - dietary control (no sweet foods, reduced caloric intake, less saturated fat, more complex carbs & fibre), pharmacotherapy (if dietary control fails; insulin, metformin), SMBG

PP: transient hyperglycaemia during severe illness without known
DM; raised serum levels of cortisol, catecholamines, glucagon, GH

Management: follow-up testing (to identify any underlying DM)

EG: vacor, pentamidine, nicotinic acid, glucocorticoids, thyroid induced hormone, diazoxide, beta-AR agonists, thiazides, dilantin, alpha-IFN

Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (Glucagonoma, Somatostatinoma)

Adrenal neoplasms (Pheochromoctoma, Aldosteronoma)