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Ecology of Parenting (Chronosystem Influences on Parenting (Eighteenth…
Ecology of Parenting
Chronosystem Influences on Parenting
Eighteenth Century
Children are only significant if they contribute to the family
Parenting was adult centered
Humanism is a system of beliefs on interest and ideals of humans
Tabula rasa-mind is a blank slate before impressions are recorded by experience.
Tradition and religion are parenting influences
Nineteenth Century
Hall(1846-1924) Children are good and will grow up to be self controled
Parenting-child centered
Early Twentieth Century
Behaviorism-observation through behavior
Conditioning early in childhood
Harmful experiences in childhood may impact adulthood-fixation
Middle Twentieth Century
Dr. Spock-Parents need to be more flexible with raising children
Parenting has gone from parent-centered to child-centered to more of a balanced approach.
Family Dynamics
Children's characteristics influence parents dynamic and parenting style due to age, temperament, gender and/or presence of a disability.
Parenting in a bidirectional way- size of family, configuration of siblings, parents' life stage.
Marital quality
Ability and resources to cope with stress
Macrosystem Influences on Parenting
Political Ideology
Political ideology- theories or beliefs supported by government.
Autocracy refers to a society in which one person has unlimited power over others.
Democracy- refers to a society in which those ruled have equal power with those who rule.
Religious and cultural heritage influences on parenting practices are understood by looking at childhood rearing in various groups:
Religious-purpose in life is to serve God
National influences- purpose in life is to serve one's country
Cultural influence-in high-context macrocultrues purpose in life to serve family
Progressive influence- in low-context macrocultures, purpose in life is set own goals.
Socioeconomic Status
Parenting can vary by socioeconomic status.
Parents tend to adapt their interactional patterns to the level of stress they are experiencing, which varies by SES
Parent Occupation
Parents occupation influences the way he/she parents
Parent's workplaces also affect their perceptions of life and the way they interact with family members.
Culture and Religion
Parenting goals and techniques depend on the nature of the task that adults are expected to perform or competencies adults are supposed to possess in a given population
There is similarity in parenting across cultures and religion parents are expected to- Ensure physical health and survival,
Develop behavioral capacities for economic Self-maintenance,
Instill behavioral capacities for maximizing cultural values, such as morality, prestige and achievement.
Cooperative/Interdependent (Collective)Orientation cultural perspective common to more modern societies-
Authority roles: Hierarchical roles of authority
Communication: Patterns vary, but reliance on nonverbal communication is generally greater than individualistic groups
Displays of Emotion:vary
Discipline/guidance of children: Children are expected to be guided by wisdom of adults; children obey and imitate
Skills emphasis: Collectivists vary in the emphasis on specific skills
Competitive/Independent(Individualistic) Orientation is a cultural perspective more common to modern societies.
Authority rules: value achieved authority.
Communication: Individual-oriented people use direct communication
Displays of emotion: vary in their display
Discipline/guidance of children: preventative is exemplified
skills emphasis: families may encourage children from a very young age to make their own decisions
Parenting-What is a parent's job
Implementing series of decisions
Parenting approaches and practices are different because child outcomes are different.
Religious and cultural heritage influences on parenting practices are understood by looking at childhood rearing in various groups:
Religious-purpose in life is to serve God
National influences- purpose in life is to serve one's country
Cultural influence-in high-context macrocultrues purpose in life to serve family
Progressive influence- in low-context macrocultures, purpose in life is set own goals.
What are ways parents know they are successful?
Parenting Styles
Microsystem Influences between parent and child
Parenting style impacts child
Prosocial behavior- benefits other people; sharing and cooperation
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive. Uninvolved
Attachment influences-resistant, avoidant, disorganized
Competence and achievement motivation
Mesosystem Influences
School and Community
Appropriate Parenting Practices
Care for Self
Understand
Guide
Nurture
Motivate
Advocate
Developmental appropriateness- knowing child's growth patterns and individual differences
Guidance and discipline-Direction, influence, correction, and training to develop self-control