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GI (Abdominal organs... (Stomach (Embryological development of stomach/, 3…

- - - - Caudate
      - Quadrate
      - Left
        
        Medial
        
        Lateral
      - Right
        
        Medial
        
        Lateral
    - - Falciform/round ligament - Liver to body wall
      - Left and right triangular ligaments
      - Coronary ligament
      - Remnant of umbillical vien
  - - - Fundus
      - Corpus
      - Pylorus
    - - Gastro - splenic ligament - stomach to spleen
      - Lesser omentum, from lesser curvature of the stomach
      - Hepato - gastric ligament - Stomach to liver
    - - Oesophageal
        
        In RUMINANT - becomes fore - stomachs
        
        Horse - Fundus
      - Cardiac
        
        PIG - Becomes Funduds
      - Fundic
        
        Corpus
      - Pyloric
  - - - 1st part .
      - BILE duct exits into here- Major duodenal papille & Acessory bile duct exits onto the minor duodenal papillae
      - Peritoneal attachments
        
        Mesoduodenum - Bowel to body wall , contains R lobe of pancreas
        
        Dudodenal - colic fold - Bowel to bowel
        
        Hepato - duodenal ligament
        
        Lesser omentum
    - - Middle part
      - LARGEST (75%)
      - Covered by greater omentum
      - Peritoneal - Meso - jejunum (mesentary) - FAN SHAPE
    - - Enters into large @ caeco-colic junction
      - Ileo - Caecal fold
      - To tell if ileum or jejunum? ANTIMESENTERIC A&V
  - - - RIGHT W/in Mesoduodenum
      - Left W/in greater omentum
  - - - Ascending (RHS)
      - Descending (LHS)
      - Transverse
      - Colic flexures?
        
        Left & Right colic flexures.
      - Meso - colon to dorsal body wall
    - - Blind ended sac
      - Runs into colon
      - Ileo - caecal fold
- - - - CLOSELY ADHERENT TO THE RECTUS ABDOMINIS
    - - Ligament - Organ to body wall
      - Fold - Bowel to organ
      - Omentum - Stomach to something
      - Mesentary - Bowel to body wall
- - - - Segmental - Mix luminal contents
      - Peristalic
      - Antiperistalic
      - Mass movement - Move entire part of GI
- - - - Mucosal
      - Submucosal
      - Muscular - Smooth and striated muscle
      - Serosal - CT
    - - Upper oral sphincter closed behind food
      - Peristalic contractions
      - Lower oral sphincter open & food may enter stomach
  - - - Digestion
      - Metabolism
      - Chemical breakdown
      - Storage
    - - WHY?
        
        Prepares stomach to receive meal
        
        Mix and break down chyme
        
        Empty stomach
        
        Prevent regurgitation from stomach
      - RECEPTIVE RELAXATION, accommoates meal
      - HOW?
        
        Starts in fundus
        
        To corpus, pyloric spihncter opens - into duodenum
        
        THEN, when contractions reach pylorus, closes to force back into corpus to help MIX
    - - Mucosal - Secrete Mucous
      - Cheif - Secrete Pepsin
      - Parietal - Secrete HCL
      - Endocrine cells - Secrete hormones
  - - - Newly swallowed food to CENTRE of stomach
        
        ACID from wall
        
        Gradual decline in ph from centre of stomach out. Ensures can digest starch for quite a while
      - STARCH
    - - Omnivores - HIGH starch, cont. digestion- PIGS
      - Herbivores - LOW starch, Working horses to continue longer
      - Carnivores - Saliva contains NON AMYLASE enzymes - PANCREAS acts as back up plan
  - - - GASTRIN mediates the amount of peptides within the stomach.
- - - - Layers of abdominal wall
        
        SKIN
        
        SUBCUT FASCIA
        
        MUSCLE
      - Laterals - X3
        
        External abdominal O
        
        O - Lateral caudal surfaces of ribs 4+
        
        I - Linea alba and pre - pubic tendon
        
        Fibres - Cranio-dorsal to caudo-ventral
        
        Superficial inguinal ring runs through here
        
        Internal abdominal O
        
        O - Tuber coxae, and lumbodorsal fascia
        
        I - Linea Alba
        
        Fibres run from caudo dorsal to cranio ventral
        
        Transverse ab.
        
        Fibres run transversely
        
        O - Medial surface of ventral - caudal rib
        
        Innermost muscle
        
        I - Linea alba
      - Ventrally X1
        
        Rectus abdomnis
        
        6 pack!
        
        O - Sternum
        
        I - Cranial border of pre-pubic tendon
        
        L&R separated by LINEA ALBA
    - - T13, L1-5
      - Dorsal
        
        Dorsal musculature
      - Ventral
        
        Lateral - Innermost, between TA and IAO
        
        Lateral Cutaneous - From EAO to skin
        
        Medial - Between IAO and EAO
    - - Sheath of rectus abdominis is formed from the tendons of the lateral abdominal wall muscles
      - Pass above and below to join in middle, forms linea alba - APONEUROSIS
    - - Enclose abdominal cavity and contract for motility and vomiting etc
- - - - Prehension
      - Mastication
      - Motility
    - - Salivary glands
        
        PAIRED - (One on each side of the head)
        
        ZYGOMATIC
        
        PAROTID
        
        ONLY serous - rest mixed
        
        MANDIBULAR
        
        SUBLINGUAL
        
        Saliva
        
        In dogs and cats, there are NO emzymes
        
        Simple stomached - Mucous
        
        Ruminants - Serous
        
        Mucin, HCO3-, Phsophase, lysosomal antibodies etc
        
        Control of salvation?
        
        ANS - Sympathetic & para (Fight or flight)
        
        Congenital
        
        Conditioned - pavlovs dog
  - - - Via Peristalic and sometimes anti per. contractions
      - MASS MOVEMENT
      - Smooth muscle
    - - See carbs, proteins, fats
    - - Selective
      - Specific transporter proteins
      - ACTIVE
        
        Primary or secondary active transport
      - PASSIVE
        
        Diffusion along [ ] grad, Transporter protein
    - - Chemical breakdown of food
        
        CARBS
        
        Amylase
        
        Disaccharides
        
        In saliva, pancreas, intestinal mucosal surface
        
        PROTEIN
        
        Pepsin, trypsin, Peptidase
        
        Stomach, pancreas, Intestinal mucosal surafce
        
        FAT
        
        Lipase, phospholipase
        
        Pancreas, intestinal mucosal surface
    - - Digestive juices
        
        REABSORBED
        
        IONS, MUCOUS, ENZYMES
      - Salivary glands
      - Liver
      - Pancreas
      - Glands in stomach and intestine wall
- - - - Mucosal, Submucosal, Muscle, Serosal
    - - Goblet cells - Mucous HCl protection
      - Enterocytes - MOST COMMON
      - Paneth - Protection against microbes
      - Endocrine cells - Hormones
      - Microvilli - constant turnover of cells as sloughed off