Transfer of learning and Practice
Positive transfer
Negative transfer
Bilateral transfer
The learning of one skill helping the learning of another skill e.g. Basketball and Netball passes
Tends to occur when skills tend to have similar shape and form
Where the learning of one skill inhibits the learning of another e.g. Tennis and Badminton serve
Happens when their might be some familiarity in the environment but the action is very different
Zero Transfer
Where the learning of one skill has no effect on how another skill is learnt e.g. cycling and swimming
The two skills possess no similarity so no transfer effects are present
The transferring of a skill from one limb in the body to the other (transfer of learning across the body)
e.g. football pass from the left foot and right foot
Distributed practice
Ensuring positive transfer
Make sure training is realistic ( simulating game situations)
Ensure skill is properly learnt before moving on
Rewards as reinforcement
Planned progression
Whole practice
Whole part whole practice
Progressive part practice
performing skill in its entirety
promotes understanding
Creates fluency
Used when skill is: Ballistic and Discrete, Highly organised and Simple
Advantages:
More realistic
Helps make skill consistent
Helps create Motor programme
Disadvantages:
Place unnecessary demands on the performer
Difficult to break down when attempted by novice
Risk of fatigue and negative transfer
Performer attempts skill, weakness is isolated and then reintegrated into the whole skill
Used for beginner in a complex task
Sub routines maintained as skill isn't fully broken down
Used when skill is: complex and has high organisation
Advantages:
Can provide motivation when success is achieved
Feedback can be provided
Fluency can be maintained with integration of sub routines
Disadvantages:
May produce negative transfer if reintegration is not successful
Time consuming
Referred to as chaining
Skill is taught in parts and is then gradually built up
Used for: Serial skills (linking of subroutines) Dangerous skills low organised skills so can be broken down easily
Advantages:
Isolate skills removing pressure from the performer
Performer can focus on one part of task at a time
Helps boost motivation
Reduces chance of fatigue
Disadvantages:
Time consuming can neglect feel of whole task
Negative transfer
Mental practice
Massed practice
Varied practice
Continuous with no rest
Skill is: discrete, simple and closed
Advantages: Promotes fitness, Efficient use of time, Automatic responses are brought in
Disadvantages: Produce fatigue, negative transfer, lack of motivation due to constant repetition
Involves rest intervals between sessions
Skill is: Continuous and open
Advantages: Removes pressure from performer, Reduces chance of fatigue, feedback can be provided, provides clarity and motivation
Disadvantages: Time consuming, Negative transfer,
Skill is: Open
Practice replicates games unpredictable environment
Changing of drills to allow players to adapt
Advantages: Allows players to adapt to changing environments, increasing motivation by making it fun, helps build a schema (memory store)
Disadvantages: Time consuming, negative transfer, additional demands placed on performers
Used as a warm up to prepare players before a game
Advantages: Improves confidence and lowers anxiety, improved reaction times through muscle stimulation, helps develop cognitive ability
Performer goes through skill in mind without movement
Novice focus' on basic elements of the skill
Experts rehearse whole skill