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Anaemias (Blood loss (Mennorhagia (fibroids), infection by nematodes,…

- - - - Pernicious
      - Dietry
- - - - hereditory elliptocytosis (membrane skeleton distrubtion)
      - Abetalipoproteinemia (membrane lipds)
      - Hereditory spherocytosis. RBC membrane distrubtion, destroyed in spleen
      - Hemoglobinopathies:
        Sickle cell anemia
        Hemoglobinopathies causing unstable hemoglobins
      - Enzymes
        
        Pyruvate kinase and hexokinase deficiencies, causing defect glycolysis
        
        Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and glutathione synthetase deficiency, causing increased oxidative stress
    - - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
  - - - Haemodyalisis
      - Heart Surgery
      - Infection
      - Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated intravascular coagulation
    - - Cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia is primarily mediated by IgM. It can be idiopathic or result from an underlying condition. The antibody in cold AIHA is usually IgM and causes haemolysis best at 4 deg C. Haemolysis is mediated by complement and is more commonly intravascular.
        Features may include symptoms of Raynaud's and acrocynaosis. Patients respond less well to steroids
        Causes of cold AIHA
        neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma
        infections: e.g. mycoplasma, EBV
      - Transfusing reaction to blood transfusions
      - Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by autoimmune attack against red blood cells, primarily by IgG. It is the most common of the autoimmune hemolytic diseases. It can be idiopathic, that is, without any known cause, drug-associated or secondary to another disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus, or a malignancy, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
        In warm AIHA the antibody (usually IgG) causes haemolysis best at body temperature and haemolysis tends to occur in extravascular sites, for example the spleen.
        Management options include steroids, immunosuppression and splenectomy
        Causes of warm AIHA
        autoimmune disease: e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus*
        neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma, CLL
        drugs: e.g. methyldopa
      - Rhesus
      - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) may be divided in to 'warm' and 'cold' types, according to at what temperature the antibodies best cause haemolysis. It is most commonly idiopathic but may be secondary to a lymphoproliferative disorder, infection or drugs. AIHA is characterised by a positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs' test